{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391341393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114","title":"Novel Beamforming Design for IRS-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Novel Beamforming Design for IRS-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391341393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031848335","display_name":"Xu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509135","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433204","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-2171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-2171","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085032455","display_name":"Hao Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8009-8244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8009-8244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059710405","display_name":"Longxiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longxiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755735","display_name":"Hongbo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77598872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"1068","last_page":"1072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8500710725784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7750521302223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6939876079559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5460526943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.49256736040115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.4463021755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4356255531311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.42537397146224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3926335871219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37829333543777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16037839651107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11459606885910034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8500710725784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7750521302223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6939876079559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5460526943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.49256736040115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4463021755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4356255531311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.42537397146224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3926335871219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37829333543777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16037839651107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11459606885910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2024.3360114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1465642694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4595998100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2020084-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5328614532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2020084-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7290676604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92367302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G731023801","display_name":"\u9762\u54116G\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u53bb\u8702\u7a9d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8166722941","display_name":"\u667a\u80fd\u8d85\u8868\u9762\u8d4b\u80fd\u7684\u53bb\u8702\u7a9d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO \u65e0\u7ebf\u643a\u80fd\u4f20\u8f93\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"LQ23F010010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064217481","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3112337571","https://openalex.org/W3125788208","https://openalex.org/W3130099654","https://openalex.org/W3152961272","https://openalex.org/W4210748560","https://openalex.org/W4212913394","https://openalex.org/W4226027284","https://openalex.org/W4285108354","https://openalex.org/W4285238857","https://openalex.org/W4289535596","https://openalex.org/W4385413333","https://openalex.org/W4387323384","https://openalex.org/W6857182974"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134916061","https://openalex.org/W2520729674","https://openalex.org/W4393237428","https://openalex.org/W2601693592","https://openalex.org/W2155567810","https://openalex.org/W3010469571","https://openalex.org/W2463053673","https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"reflecting":[1],"surface":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"assisted":[4],"cell-free":[5],"(CF)":[6],"massive":[7],"multiple-input":[8],"multiple-output":[9],"(mMIMO)":[10],"offers":[11],"substantial":[12],"potential":[13],"for":[14,60],"enhancing":[15],"spectral":[16],"efficiency,":[17,19],"energy":[18],"and":[20,55,72,99],"coverage":[21],"areas.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"letter,":[25],"we":[26,63,73,86,105],"introduce":[27],"a":[28,116],"novel":[29],"approach":[30,45],"aimed":[31],"at":[32],"maximizing":[33],"the":[34,37,91,100,108,125],"sum-rate":[35,127],"in":[36,136],"downlink":[38],"of":[39,95,111],"IRS-assisted":[40,137],"CF":[41,138],"mMIMO":[42,139],"systems.":[43,140],"Our":[44,122],"employs":[46],"an":[47],"alternating":[48,92],"optimization":[49],"strategy":[50],"to":[51,67,77],"design":[52],"both":[53],"active":[54,61],"passive":[56,84],"beamforming":[57,66],"techniques.":[58],"Specifically,":[59],"beamforming,":[62,85],"adopt":[64],"zero-forcing":[65],"effectively":[68],"eliminate":[69],"inter-user":[70],"interference,":[71],"employ":[74],"geometric":[75],"programming":[76],"obtain":[78],"optimal":[79],"power":[80],"allocation":[81],"coefficients.":[82],"For":[83],"present":[87],"innovative":[88],"solutions":[89],"through":[90],"direction":[93],"method":[94],"multipliers":[96],"(ADMM)":[97],"algorithm":[98],"Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno":[101],"(BFGS)":[102],"algorithm.":[103],"Additionally,":[104],"rigorously":[106],"analyze":[107],"computational":[109],"complexity":[110],"our":[112,131],"proposed":[113],"algorithms,":[114,132],"providing":[115],"comparative":[117],"assessment":[118],"against":[119],"existing":[120],"approaches.":[121],"simulations":[123],"substantiate":[124],"superior":[126],"performance":[128],"achieved":[129],"by":[130],"underscoring":[133],"their":[134],"efficacy":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
