{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385516889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Reflecting Surface Optimization for TDD Multi-User MIMO Systems","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Reflecting Surface Optimization for TDD Multi-User MIMO Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385516889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101797560","display_name":"Fengyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9602-0578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9602-0578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344189","display_name":"Wen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-8679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-8679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406044","display_name":"Ziwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6663-766X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691319","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-2922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048817096","display_name":"Qingqing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80745634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"1951","last_page":"1955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8192087411880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6910054087638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6826137900352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.37853649258613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3760868310928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3225856125354767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17457306385040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.1010652482509613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8192087411880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6910054087638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6826137900352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37853649258613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3760868310928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3225856125354767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17457306385040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.1010652482509613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3301496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3365405956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1191599655","https://openalex.org/W2963460596","https://openalex.org/W3010695123","https://openalex.org/W3133603318","https://openalex.org/W3193353357","https://openalex.org/W3198789116","https://openalex.org/W3205914885","https://openalex.org/W3206630627","https://openalex.org/W4220722339","https://openalex.org/W4280589373","https://openalex.org/W4312330321","https://openalex.org/W6627932998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3,37,61],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,11,27,40,48,56,59,63,77,85,88,92],"discrete":[6],"phase":[7],"shift":[8],"design":[9,28],"of":[10,29,58,87,96],"intelligent":[12],"reflecting":[13],"surface":[14],"(IRS)":[15],"in":[16,94],"a":[17],"time-division":[18],"duplexing":[19],"(TDD)":[20],"multi-user":[21],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[22],"(MIMO)":[23],"system.":[24],"We":[25],"modify":[26,62],"deep":[30],"reinforcement":[31],"learning":[32],"(DRL)":[33],"scheme":[34],"so":[35],"that":[36,84],"can":[38],"maximizing":[39],"average":[41],"downlink":[42],"data":[43],"transmission":[44],"rate":[45],"free":[46],"from":[47],"sub-channel":[49],"channel":[50],"state":[51],"information":[52],"(CSI).":[53],"Based":[54],"on":[55],"characteristics":[57],"model,":[60],"\u201cproximal":[64],"policy":[65],"optimization":[66,79],"(PPO)\u201d":[67],"algorithm":[68],"and":[69,100],"integrate":[70],"gated":[71],"recurrent":[72],"unit":[73],"(GRU)":[74],"to":[75],"tackle":[76],"non-convex":[78],"problem.":[80],"Simulation":[81],"results":[82],"show":[83],"performance":[86],"proposed":[89],"PPO-GRU":[90],"surpasses":[91],"benchmarks":[93],"terms":[95],"performance,":[97],"convergence":[98],"speed,":[99],"training":[101],"stability.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}