{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379619487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800","title":"Location-Invariant Radio Frequency Fingerprint for Base Station Recognition","display_name":"Location-Invariant Radio Frequency Fingerprint for Base Station Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379619487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/4b9cb83e-ec7d-46fb-86a1-13d09bb46550","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037648774","display_name":"Yilun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-231X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yilun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-231X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013730149","display_name":"Guyue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-1168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guyue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-1168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101506609","display_name":"Hongyi Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4750-4451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4750-4451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032350369","display_name":"Yuexiu Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-4829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuexiu Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-4829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074392353","display_name":"Shuping Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuping Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-815X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075678549","display_name":"Aiqun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-4899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiqun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-4899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037648774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74730171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1583","last_page":"1587"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.8041408061981201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7954559922218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7820465564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5936541557312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5637558102607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4900182783603668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.4730338752269745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4477812349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.4178650379180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4126940369606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3446909189224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2816540598869324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.8041408061981201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7954559922218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7820465564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5936541557312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5637558102607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4900182783603668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4730338752269745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4477812349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.4178650379180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4126940369606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3446909189224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2816540598869324}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3283800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/4b9cb83e-ec7d-46fb-86a1-13d09bb46550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/4b9cb83e-ec7d-46fb-86a1-13d09bb46550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Li, G, Luo, H, Xing, Y, Dang, S & Hu, A 2023, 'Location-Invariant Radio Frequency Fingerprint for Base Station Recognition', IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1583-1587. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2023.3283800","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/4b9cb83e-ec7d-46fb-86a1-13d09bb46550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/4b9cb83e-ec7d-46fb-86a1-13d09bb46550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sun, Y, Li, G, Luo, H, Xing, Y, Dang, S & Hu, A 2023, 'Location-Invariant Radio Frequency Fingerprint for Base Station Recognition', IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1583-1587. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2023.3283800","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4135586435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XK0160921022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","funder_display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G543543575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20211160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G601026658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8014458112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2902202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8853341699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019013468","https://openalex.org/W2125190019","https://openalex.org/W2171342189","https://openalex.org/W2663191918","https://openalex.org/W2792636363","https://openalex.org/W2803989302","https://openalex.org/W2890720923","https://openalex.org/W2946045894","https://openalex.org/W2949585565","https://openalex.org/W3009737098","https://openalex.org/W4210461218","https://openalex.org/W4210814219","https://openalex.org/W4389347538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W2020816142","https://openalex.org/W4226210192","https://openalex.org/W2464309386","https://openalex.org/W4389401745","https://openalex.org/W3200903575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pseudo":[0],"base":[1],"station":[2],"(BS)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5],"illegal":[6],"radio":[7],"device":[8],"that":[9,146],"exploits":[10],"the":[11,39,77,85,114,121,137,147,162],"security":[12,33,100],"vulnerabilities":[13],"of":[14,42,79,166],"fifth":[15],"generation":[16],"(5G)":[17],"communications":[18],"and":[19,34,37,60,119,126],"then":[20],"implements":[21],"corresponding":[22],"network":[23],"attacks,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"spoofing":[27],"attack.":[28],"These":[29],"malicious":[30],"actions":[31],"cause":[32],"privacy":[35],"threats":[36],"hinder":[38],"wide":[40],"deployment":[41],"wireless":[43,99,117],"access":[44],"networks.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"these":[48],"problems,":[49],"efficient":[50],"BS":[51,125],"identification":[52],"mechanisms":[53],"are":[54,63,69,82],"necessary.":[55],"Radio":[56],"frequency":[57],"fingerprinting":[58,62],"(RFF)":[59],"channel":[61,138],"potential":[64],"solutions.":[65],"Unfortunately,":[66],"existing":[67],"solutions":[68],"limited":[70],"to":[71,74,112,139],"be":[72,95],"applicable":[73],"scenarios":[75],"where":[76],"locations":[78],"pseudo":[80,91],"BSs":[81,92],"fixed,":[83],"while":[84],"emerging":[86],"challenges":[87],"brought":[88],"by":[89,97,159],"movable":[90],"can":[93,134,150],"hardly":[94],"addressed":[96],"mature":[98],"mechanisms.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103],"letter,":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"a":[107,152],"signal":[108],"echoing":[109],"protocol":[110],"(SEP)":[111],"reduce":[113],"influence":[115],"on":[116],"channels":[118],"construct":[120],"location-invariant":[122],"RFF.":[123],"When":[124],"user":[127],"equipment":[128],"(UE)":[129],"communicate":[130],"using":[131],"SEP,":[132],"UE":[133],"accurately":[135],"estimate":[136],"recognize":[140],"different":[141],"BSs.":[142],"Numerical":[143],"results":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"proposed":[148],"scheme":[149],"reach":[151],"high":[153],"classification":[154],"accuracy":[155],"for":[156],"ten":[157],"BSs,":[158],"95.2%":[160],"at":[161],"signal-noise":[163],"ratio":[164],"(SNR)":[165],"25":[167],"dB.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}