{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376851311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910","title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization of IRS-Assisted UAV Networks Based on Statistical Channels","display_name":"Energy Efficiency Optimization of IRS-Assisted UAV Networks Based on Statistical Channels","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376851311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98081/2/Nan_WCL_23_1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768580","display_name":"Chen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2338-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2338-5973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000012044","display_name":"Xiaowei Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-5973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089911056","display_name":"Weidang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-0327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013387","display_name":"Yunfei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-1805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-1805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656619","display_name":"Nan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6497-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6497-7799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002265731","display_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9258866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"1419","last_page":"1423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7475601434707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convexity","display_name":"Convexity","score":0.6549274921417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.6239264011383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6225922107696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6124787330627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5756586194038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5628310441970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.5477808713912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5436157584190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.503438413143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5022115707397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4943125247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4797724187374115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.41051003336906433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.386627733707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.36643320322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32307615876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18309783935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1752992868423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06757661700248718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475601434707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72134830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166524","display_name":"Convexity","level":2,"score":0.6549274921417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.6239264011383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6225922107696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6124787330627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5756586194038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5628310441970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.5477808713912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5436157584190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.503438413143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5022115707397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4943125247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4797724187374115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.41051003336906433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.386627733707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.36643320322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32307615876197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18309783935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1752992868423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06757661700248718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2023.3276910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/98081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/98081","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98081/2/Nan_WCL_23_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/98081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/98081","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98081/2/Nan_WCL_23_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075328589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3373688535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271447","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322434","display_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376851311.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376851311.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963061782","https://openalex.org/W2964052915","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3000577820","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3129824046","https://openalex.org/W3158219177","https://openalex.org/W3166631010","https://openalex.org/W3179753024","https://openalex.org/W3193247573","https://openalex.org/W3210522537","https://openalex.org/W4205295562","https://openalex.org/W4285142136","https://openalex.org/W4285142853","https://openalex.org/W4293195406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124240980","https://openalex.org/W2519403816","https://openalex.org/W2138759004","https://openalex.org/W2292005531","https://openalex.org/W2003870685","https://openalex.org/W2606858825","https://openalex.org/W2533637577","https://openalex.org/W4232438839","https://openalex.org/W2955945540","https://openalex.org/W2728807107"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"intelligent":[3],"reflecting":[4],"surface":[5],"(IRS)":[6],"is":[7,23,49,68,109],"adopted":[8],"to":[9,15,51,54,122,127,135],"assist":[10],"unmanned":[11],"aerial":[12],"vehicle":[13],"(UAV)":[14],"achieve":[16],"energy-efficient":[17],"transmission.":[18],"Specifically,":[19],"the":[20,28,39,46,55,60,74,81,87,90,93,103,116,128,137,140],"energy":[21],"efficiency":[22],"maximized":[24],"by":[25],"jointly":[26],"optimizing":[27],"UAV":[29,58],"trajectory,":[30],"transmit":[31,77],"power":[32,78],"and":[33,59,76,80,97],"IRS":[34],"phase":[35],"shifts":[36],"based":[37],"on":[38],"statistical":[40],"channel":[41],"state":[42],"information":[43],"(CSI),":[44],"since":[45],"instantaneous":[47],"CSI":[48],"difficult":[50],"obtain":[52,123],"due":[53],"mobility":[56],"of":[57,63,73,89,139],"passive":[61],"structure":[62],"IRS.":[64],"The":[65],"non-convex":[66],"problem":[67],"decomposed":[69],"into":[70],"two":[71,117],"sub-problems":[72,118],"trajectory":[75],"optimization,":[79],"phase-shift":[82],"optimization.":[83],"To":[84],"deal":[85],"with":[86],"non-convexity":[88],"first":[91],"one,":[92,105],"successive":[94],"convex":[95],"approximation":[96],"Dinkelbach\u2019s":[98],"algorithm":[99],"are":[100,119,133],"utilized.":[101],"For":[102],"second":[104],"a":[106],"closed-form":[107],"solution":[108,126],"derived":[110],"directly":[111],"through":[112],"equivalent":[113],"transformations.":[114],"Then,":[115],"solved":[120],"iteratively":[121],"an":[124],"effective":[125],"original":[129],"problem.":[130],"Simulation":[131],"results":[132],"presented":[134],"validate":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"proposed":[141],"scheme.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}