{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285287620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931","title":"Secure Directional Modulation in RIS-Aided Networks: A Low-Sidelobe Hybrid Beamforming Approach","display_name":"Secure Directional Modulation in RIS-Aided Networks: A Low-Sidelobe Hybrid Beamforming Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285287620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017996057","display_name":"Neng Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-826X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032807953","display_name":"Xinran Zhuo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinran Zhuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051990410","display_name":"Jianguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025572015","display_name":"Boya Di","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boya Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044674658","display_name":"Jianping An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017996057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66234456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"1753","last_page":"1757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12989","display_name":"Ocular Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7249301671981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6940621137619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5446332097053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.5296910405158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5108715891838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.44850388169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.444504976272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4439735412597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44070738554000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.40396520495414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35496219992637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.3243787884712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30074095726013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.20625039935112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16628748178482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13766351342201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10570305585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.10006076097488403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7249301671981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6940621137619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5446332097053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.5296910405158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5108715891838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.44850388169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.444504976272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4439735412597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44070738554000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.40396520495414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35496219992637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.3243787884712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30074095726013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.20625039935112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16628748178482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13766351342201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10570305585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10006076097488403}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3180931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1780394482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5840972582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7359764299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096236228","https://openalex.org/W2310394657","https://openalex.org/W2795729672","https://openalex.org/W2978511100","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3040918692","https://openalex.org/W3121416728","https://openalex.org/W3127861993","https://openalex.org/W3135296589","https://openalex.org/W3136114665","https://openalex.org/W3137691847","https://openalex.org/W3140496450","https://openalex.org/W3190886403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390240227","https://openalex.org/W3036307543","https://openalex.org/W2290997318","https://openalex.org/W4237311310","https://openalex.org/W4256489728","https://openalex.org/W2041235917","https://openalex.org/W2971500993","https://openalex.org/W2916400534","https://openalex.org/W2059799853","https://openalex.org/W2013906384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,47,55,60,74,110,115,122,125,137,142,149,154],"incorporation":[4],"of":[5,37,128,153],"secure":[6,21,98],"directional":[7,22,99],"modulation":[8,23,100],"in":[9,77,101,124],"reconfigurable":[10],"intelligent":[11],"surface":[12],"(RIS)-aided":[13],"communication":[14],"networks.":[15,103],"With":[16],"elaborately":[17],"selected":[18],"antenna":[19,78,131],"subsets,":[20],"generates":[24],"randomized":[25],"signals":[26],"at":[27,157],"undesired":[28],"directions":[29],"to":[30,52,54,70,73,92,113],"assure":[31],"physical-layer":[32],"security.":[33],"One":[34],"major":[35],"challenge":[36],"introducing":[38],"RIS":[39],"is":[40,50,68],"that":[41,136],"an":[42],"additional":[43],"beam,":[44,49],"other":[45],"than":[46],"user-specific":[48],"required":[51],"align":[53],"RIS.":[56],"The":[57],"interplay":[58],"between":[59],"two":[61],"beams":[62],"can":[63,140],"cause":[64],"high":[65],"sidelobe,":[66],"which":[67],"non-trivial":[69],"address":[71],"due":[72],"discrete":[75],"optimization":[76],"subset":[79],"selection.":[80],"To":[81],"tackle":[82],"this":[83],"challenge,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"a":[87],"novel":[88],"cross-entropy":[89],"iterative":[90,126],"method":[91],"achieve":[93],"low-sidelobe":[94],"hybrid":[95],"beamforming":[96],"for":[97,160],"RIS-aided":[102],"We":[104],"use":[105],"maximum":[106],"sidelobe":[107,143],"energy":[108,144],"as":[109,121],"objective":[111],"function":[112],"reduce":[114,141],"emission,":[116],"and":[117,148],"deploy":[118],"Kullback-Leibler":[119],"divergence":[120],"criterion":[123],"selection":[127],"good":[129],"candidate":[130],"subsets.":[132],"Simulation":[133],"results":[134],"illustrate":[135],"proposed":[138],"scheme":[139],"by":[145],"8":[146],"dB,":[147],"symbol":[150],"error":[151],"rate":[152],"eavesdropper":[155],"maintains":[156],"0.75":[158],"(0.875)":[159],"QPSK":[161],"(8PSK)":[162],"even":[163],"when":[164],"its":[165],"signal-to-noise":[166],"ratio":[167],"increases.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
