{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226505946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","title":"Optimizing Energy Efficiency in UAV-Assisted Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Optimizing Energy Efficiency in UAV-Assisted Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226505946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962382/9852353/09757149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962382/9852353/09757149.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076678995","display_name":"Babatunji Omoniwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-3689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babatunji Omoniwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-3689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011858592","display_name":"Boris Galkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6755-7781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Galkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6755-7781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059738292","display_name":"Ivana Duspari\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-5400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Dusparic","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-5400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONNECT Centre, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.2653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99511949,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"1590","last_page":"1594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.834768533706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7112730741500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6147563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5321364402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.43527480959892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3395666480064392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14476728439331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09608203172683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09121987223625183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.834768533706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7112730741500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6147563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5321364402770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43527480959892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3395666480064392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14476728439331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09608203172683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09121987223625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962382/9852353/09757149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3167568","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5962382/9852353/09757149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1425463384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16/SP/3804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1915549107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17/NSFC/5224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G264021278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7145012201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17/NSFC/5224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226505946.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226505946.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148135143","https://openalex.org/W2346155518","https://openalex.org/W2604830243","https://openalex.org/W2886509985","https://openalex.org/W2896835129","https://openalex.org/W2925554975","https://openalex.org/W2963569053","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W3048981883","https://openalex.org/W3100366369","https://openalex.org/W3152797698","https://openalex.org/W3183758503","https://openalex.org/W3201290909","https://openalex.org/W3208943133","https://openalex.org/W3210602323","https://openalex.org/W3213933963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3,71],"study":[4],"the":[5,30,48,63],"energy":[6,64],"efficiency":[7],"(EE)":[8],"optimization":[9],"of":[10,59,89],"unmanned":[11],"aerial":[12],"vehicles":[13],"(UAVs)":[14],"providing":[15],"wireless":[16],"coverage":[17],"to":[18,46],"static":[19],"and":[20,62],"mobile":[21],"ground":[22],"users.":[23],"Recent":[24],"multi-agent":[25],"reinforcement":[26],"learning":[27],"approaches":[28],"optimise":[29],"system\u2019s":[31,49],"EE":[32,50,90],"using":[33],"a":[34,73],"2D":[35],"trajectory":[36],"design,":[37],"neglecting":[38],"interference":[39],"from":[40],"nearby":[41],"UAV":[42],"cells.":[43],"We":[44],"aim":[45],"maximize":[47],"by":[51,91],"jointly":[52],"optimizing":[53],"each":[54],"UAV\u2019s":[55],"3D":[56],"trajectory,":[57],"number":[58],"connected":[60],"users,":[61],"consumed,":[65],"while":[66],"accounting":[67],"for":[68],"interference.":[69],"Thus,":[70],"propose":[72],"cooperative":[74],"Multi-Agent":[75],"Decentralized":[76],"Double":[77],"Deep":[78],"Q-Network":[79],"(MAD-DDQN)":[80],"approach.":[81],"Our":[82],"approach":[83],"outperforms":[84],"existing":[85],"baselines":[86],"in":[87],"terms":[88],"as":[92,94],"much":[93],"55\u2013":[95],"80%.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}