{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205789684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828","title":"Learning of Time-Frequency Attention Mechanism for Automatic Modulation Recognition","display_name":"Learning of Time-Frequency Attention Mechanism for Automatic Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205789684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.03258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089819883","display_name":"Shangao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617494","display_name":"Yuan Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-8064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687951","display_name":"Yi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7392-8991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7392-8991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98913982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"707","last_page":"711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9165999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.824604868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.650443434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5994659066200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5972789525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.5715160369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5295777320861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48629674315452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48425838351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.4532008767127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4342584013938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41149812936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.2558753490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1082506775856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07562956213951111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.824604868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.650443434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5994659066200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5972789525985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.5715160369873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5295777320861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48629674315452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48425838351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.4532008767127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4342584013938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41149812936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2558753490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1082506775856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07562956213951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2022.3140828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.03258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.03258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.03258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.03258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2367108652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019B1515130003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4014615201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1802800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5130322868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019A1515110479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335795","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6411099822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G735875255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ202001091414409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7699923999","display_name":"\u2f46\u7ebf\u7fa4\u667a\u6807\u6ce8\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335795","display_name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2790688030","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2888848736","https://openalex.org/W2916820451","https://openalex.org/W2963730508","https://openalex.org/W2998637290","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W3160024890","https://openalex.org/W3174232357","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4387474130","https://openalex.org/W2004723848","https://openalex.org/W2086788376","https://openalex.org/W2093157008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"deep":[1],"learning-based":[2,110],"image":[3],"classification":[4],"and":[5,34,73,93,112],"speech":[6],"recognition":[7],"approaches":[8],"have":[9],"made":[10],"extensive":[11],"use":[12],"of":[13,24,37,88,97],"attention":[14,25,51,64,91,113],"mechanisms":[15],"to":[16,68],"achieve":[17],"state-of-the-art":[18],"recognition,":[19,45],"which":[20,70],"demonstrates":[21],"the":[22,29,32,86,89,95,98,105],"effectiveness":[23,87],"mechanisms.":[26,114],"Motivated":[27],"by":[28],"fact":[30],"that":[31,104],"frequency":[33,72],"time":[35,74],"information":[36,75],"modulated":[38],"radio":[39],"signals":[40],"are":[41],"crucial":[42],"for":[43,53,81],"modulation":[44,59,82],"this":[46],"letter":[47],"proposes":[48],"a":[49],"time-frequency":[50,63],"mechanism":[52,65,92],"convolutional":[54],"neural":[55],"network":[56],"(CNN)-based":[57],"automatic":[58],"recognition.":[60,83],"The":[61],"proposed":[62,90,99,106],"is":[66,76],"designed":[67],"learn":[69],"channel,":[71],"more":[77],"meaningful":[78],"in":[79],"CNN":[80],"We":[84],"analyze":[85],"evaluate":[94],"performance":[96],"models.":[100],"Experiment":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"methods":[107,111],"outperform":[108],"existing":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}