{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127381920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","title":"Covert Communications With Constrained Age of Information","display_name":"Covert Communications With Constrained Age of Information","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127381920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","mag":"3127381920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101638215","display_name":"Yida Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-485X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yida Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101931677","display_name":"Shihao Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihao Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034493481","display_name":"Weiwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088071886","display_name":"Yueming Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4289-3201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueming Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101638215"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8368,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95369939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"368","last_page":"372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.8041161298751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6232136487960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5996023416519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5523022413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5448945760726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"Statistical power","score":0.5408350825309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.48616430163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.48126858472824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4517405331134796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4501391351222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.42850548028945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-rate","display_name":"Code rate","score":0.41179633140563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41012927889823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3743950128555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.3633708655834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34654539823532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2907823920249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29061365127563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.28573501110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.22988775372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22395697236061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19870677590370178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.8041161298751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6232136487960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5996023416519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5523022413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5448945760726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.5408350825309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.48616430163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.48126858472824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4517405331134796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4501391351222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.42850548028945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.41179633140563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41012927889823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3743950128555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3633708655834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34654539823532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2907823920249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29061365127563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.28573501110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22988775372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22395697236061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19870677590370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3031492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3204812113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61471393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5996855434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8035829036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604181985","https://openalex.org/W1608370595","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2146487252","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2768771208","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2915151495","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2958173665","https://openalex.org/W2963450321","https://openalex.org/W2964154283","https://openalex.org/W2976114880","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W3006457263","https://openalex.org/W3081808596","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3102424709","https://openalex.org/W3113221786","https://openalex.org/W6773927030","https://openalex.org/W6782346346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171996685","https://openalex.org/W3162625494","https://openalex.org/W2920676536","https://openalex.org/W3124771927","https://openalex.org/W3212925274","https://openalex.org/W4225940264","https://openalex.org/W2750125254","https://openalex.org/W2109517573","https://openalex.org/W2604825071","https://openalex.org/W2029787391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,49],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3,27],"consider":[4],"the":[5,14,34,43,51,57,66,70,91,102,115,121,125,128,139],"requirement":[6],"of":[7,37,46,60,69,117,127],"information":[8,38,47,61,82,140],"freshness":[9,83],"in":[10,73,107],"covert":[11,74,112],"communications":[12],"for":[13,143],"first":[15],"time.":[16],"With":[17],"artificial":[18],"noise":[19],"(AN)":[20],"generated":[21],"from":[22,101],"a":[23,29,79,134],"full-duplex":[24],"(FD)":[25],"receiver,":[26],"formulate":[28],"covertness":[30,129],"maximization":[31],"problem":[32],"under":[33],"average":[35,118],"age":[36],"(AoI)":[39],"constraint":[40],"to":[41,133],"optimize":[42],"transmit":[44,52,93,122,141],"probability":[45,53,68,94,123],"signal.":[48],"particular,":[50],"not":[54,96],"only":[55],"represents":[56,65],"generation":[58],"rate":[59],"signal":[62],"but":[63],"also":[64],"prior":[67,104],"alternative":[71],"hypothesis":[72],"communications,":[75],"which":[76,99],"builds":[77],"up":[78],"bridge":[80],"between":[81],"and":[84,131],"communication":[85],"covertness.":[86,145],"Our":[87],"analysis":[88],"shows":[89],"that":[90],"best":[92],"is":[95],"always":[97],"0.5,":[98],"differs":[100],"equal":[103],"probabilities":[105],"assumption":[106],"most":[108],"related":[109],"works":[110],"on":[111,138],"communications.":[113],"Furthermore,":[114],"limitation":[116],"AoI":[119],"enlarges":[120],"at":[124],"cost":[126],"reduction":[130],"leads":[132],"positive":[135],"lower":[136],"bound":[137],"power":[142],"non-zero":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
