{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083335561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","title":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multicasting With Random Passive Beamforming","display_name":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multicasting With Random Passive Beamforming","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083335561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","mag":"3083335561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/107110/1/Zhang_Intelligent_Reflecting_Surface.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076275015","display_name":"Qin Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005000898","display_name":"Shuowen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-4154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuowen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-4154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024046434","display_name":"Caijun Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-7800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caijun Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-7800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422102","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-8393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94497278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"92","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8436344861984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.7470335364341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7275652885437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6893646121025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicast","display_name":"Multicast","score":0.5872479677200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5717054009437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4931335151195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4717748165130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.44559669494628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4353387951850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2937276363372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2916983366012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2728058099746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19253918528556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10432857275009155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8436344861984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7470335364341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7275652885437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6893646121025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32295351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899288","display_name":"Multicast","level":2,"score":0.5872479677200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5717054009437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4931335151195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4717748165130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.44559669494628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4353387951850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2937276363372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2916983366012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2728058099746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19253918528556824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10432857275009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2020.3021473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/107110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/107110","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/107110/1/Zhang_Intelligent_Reflecting_Surface.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/107110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/107110","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/107110/1/Zhang_Intelligent_Reflecting_Surface.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083335561.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3083335561.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2021547250","https://openalex.org/W2157005274","https://openalex.org/W2161872841","https://openalex.org/W2516674956","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2973110004","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2992456343","https://openalex.org/W3002205212","https://openalex.org/W3011747750","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3035386068","https://openalex.org/W3040433108","https://openalex.org/W3047550466","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W4239651601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W4250215096","https://openalex.org/W4220680272","https://openalex.org/W2119209917","https://openalex.org/W2088352174","https://openalex.org/W2145047504","https://openalex.org/W2147127144","https://openalex.org/W2159179523","https://openalex.org/W2344350961","https://openalex.org/W3084132786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,65],"this":[1,70],"letter,":[2],"we":[3,67,105,135],"consider":[4],"a":[5,9,13,72,108,137,153,212],"multicast":[6],"system":[7],"where":[8,78],"single-antenna":[10,18],"transmitter":[11],"sends":[12],"common":[14],"message":[15],"to":[16,216],"multiple":[17],"users,":[19],"aided":[20],"by":[21],"an":[22],"intelligent":[23],"reflecting":[24,31],"surface":[25],"(IRS)":[26],"equipped":[27],"with":[28,63,121,144,163,195],"N":[29,202],"passive":[30,50,75,147,192],"elements.":[32],"Prior":[33],"works":[34],"on":[35,116],"IRS":[36,80],"have":[37],"mostly":[38],"assumed":[39],"the":[40,53,79,96,102,112,118,131,141,159,168,174,180,185,190,204],"availability":[41],"of":[42,55,98,111,133,140,206],"channel":[43,92],"state":[44],"information":[45],"(CSI)":[46],"for":[47,85,130],"designing":[48],"its":[49],"beamforming.":[51,148],"However,":[52],"acquisition":[54],"CSI":[56,99],"requires":[57],"substantial":[58],"training":[59,196],"overhead":[60,197],"that":[61,152],"increases":[62],"N.":[64],"contrast,":[66],"propose":[68],"in":[69,90,158],"letter":[71],"novel":[73],"random":[74,83],"beamforming":[76,193],"scheme,":[77,104],"performs":[81],"independent":[82],"reflection":[84],"Q":[86,120,155,170],"\u2265":[87],"1":[88],"times":[89],"each":[91],"coherence":[93],"interval":[94],"without":[95],"need":[97],"acquisition.":[100],"For":[101],"proposed":[103,186],"first":[106],"derive":[107,136],"closed-form":[109],"approximation":[110],"outage":[113,123,142,175],"probability,":[114],"based":[115],"which":[117],"optimal":[119,169],"best":[122],"performance":[124],"can":[125],"be":[126],"efficiently":[127],"obtained.":[128],"Then,":[129],"purpose":[132],"comparison,":[134],"lower":[138],"bound":[139],"probability":[143,176],"traditional":[145],"CSI-based":[146,191,218],"Numerical":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"small":[154],"is":[156],"preferred":[157],"high-outage":[160],"regime":[161],"(or":[162,178],"high":[164],"rate":[165,181],"target)":[166],"and":[167],"becomes":[171],"larger":[172],"as":[173,179],"decreases":[177],"target":[182],"decreases).":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"scheme":[187,194],"significantly":[188],"outperforms":[189],"taken":[198],"into":[199],"consideration":[200],"when":[201],"and/or":[203],"number":[205],"users":[207],"are":[208],"large,":[209],"thus":[210],"offering":[211],"promising":[213],"CSI-free":[214],"alternative":[215],"existing":[217],"schemes.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}