{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807908905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","title":"Phase Shifters Versus Switches: An Energy Efficiency Perspective on Hybrid Beamforming","display_name":"Phase Shifters Versus Switches: An Energy Efficiency Perspective on Hybrid Beamforming","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807908905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","mag":"2807908905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058935/7/Masouros_Phase%20Shifters%20vs%20Switches.%20An%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Perspective%20on%20Hybrid%20Beamforming_AAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088159986","display_name":"Sohail Payami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5577-4957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Payami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5577-4957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034003798","display_name":"Naveen Mysore Balasubramanya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-166X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Mysore Balasubramanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-166X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071345719","display_name":"Mathini Sellathurai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8738-8583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathini Sellathurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088159986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.5416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99631853,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8015282154083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.7566001415252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6379645466804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6367859840393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6170291304588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5867226719856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5344388484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5324346423149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.47151196002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44246381521224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27946770191192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22864270210266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19307798147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18479639291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15017423033714294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8015282154083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.7566001415252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6379645466804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6367859840393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6170291304588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5867226719856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5344388484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5324346423149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.47151196002960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44246381521224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27946770191192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22864270210266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19307798147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18479639291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15017423033714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2018.2846221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10058935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10058935/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058935/7/Masouros_Phase%20Shifters%20vs%20Switches.%20An%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Perspective%20on%20Hybrid%20Beamforming_AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Wireless Communications Letters , 8  (1)   pp. 13-16.   (2018)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10058935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10058935/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058935/7/Masouros_Phase%20Shifters%20vs%20Switches.%20An%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Perspective%20on%20Hybrid%20Beamforming_AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Wireless Communications Letters , 8  (1)   pp. 13-16.   (2018)      ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1158539859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M014126/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7573648726","display_name":"Large Scale Antenna Systems Made Practical: Advanced Signal Processing for Compact Deployments [LSAS-SP]","funder_award_id":"EP/M014126/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807908905.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807908905.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1921359321","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2068728923","https://openalex.org/W2070863845","https://openalex.org/W2139451509","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2195833401","https://openalex.org/W2517686986","https://openalex.org/W2615403133","https://openalex.org/W2963332680","https://openalex.org/W2963894235","https://openalex.org/W4250589301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611396164","https://openalex.org/W2956138144","https://openalex.org/W2611631300","https://openalex.org/W1998303567","https://openalex.org/W2898995589","https://openalex.org/W2215525570","https://openalex.org/W2805060255","https://openalex.org/W3129637292","https://openalex.org/W4210401887","https://openalex.org/W1982685959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"beamforming":[1,46],"architectures":[2,30],"provide":[3,38,67],"promising":[4,44],"solutions":[5],"to":[6,41],"harness":[7],"the":[8,26,58,64,80],"benefits":[9],"of":[10,28,53,77,82],"massive":[11],"multi-input":[12],"multi-output":[13],"systems":[14],"by":[15],"incorporating":[16],"phase":[17,83,93],"shifters,":[18],"switches,":[19],"or":[20],"their":[21],"combinations.":[22],"This":[23],"letter":[24],"addresses":[25],"design":[27],"such":[29],"from":[31],"an":[32],"energy":[33],"efficiency":[34],"(EE)":[35],"perspective.":[36],"We":[37],"closed-form":[39],"expressions":[40],"compare":[42],"several":[43],"hybrid":[45],"architectures,":[47,95],"and":[48,85],"also":[49],"derive":[50],"optimal":[51],"numbers":[52],"antennas":[54],"required":[55],"for":[56,72],"maximizing":[57],"EE.":[59],"Our":[60],"results":[61],"indicate":[62],"that":[63],"asymptotic":[65],"closed-forms":[66],"a":[68,73],"good":[69],"approximation":[70],"even":[71],"relatively":[74],"small":[75],"number":[76],"antennas.":[78],"Moreover,":[79],"combination":[81],"shifters":[84],"switches":[86],"offers":[87],"significantly":[88],"higher":[89],"EE":[90],"versus":[91],"conventional":[92],"shifter-only":[94],"while":[96],"nearly":[97],"preserving":[98],"spectral":[99],"efficiency.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
