{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2336972884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","title":"Energy Efficiency of Base Station Deployment in Ultra Dense HetNets: A Stochastic Geometry Analysis","display_name":"Energy Efficiency of Base Station Deployment in Ultra Dense HetNets: A Stochastic Geometry Analysis","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2336972884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","mag":"2336972884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032943024","display_name":"Tiankui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6953-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiankui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072790694","display_name":"Jiaojiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-7602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaojiao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065929065","display_name":"Lu An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-3625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070379325","display_name":"Dantong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-1770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dantong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1573,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98577281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"184","last_page":"187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.8733572959899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7817766070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.7105016112327576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6842052936553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6628018021583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6175581216812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.614439845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5467925071716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5038759112358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4971649944782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4798659682273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4315699338912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lte-advanced","display_name":"LTE Advanced","score":0.4271642863750458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3458162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.33086317777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.2721303105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.183976411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12127342820167542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11681288480758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10616767406463623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.8733572959899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7817766070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.7105016112327576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6842052936553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6628018021583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6175581216812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.614439845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5467925071716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5038759112358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4971649944782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4798659682273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4315699338912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17652562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345402","display_name":"LTE Advanced","level":3,"score":0.4271642863750458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3458162546157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.33086317777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2721303105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.183976411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12127342820167542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11681288480758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10616767406463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2016.2516010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500830676","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","issn_l":"2162-2337","issn":["2162-2337","2162-2345"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7620715445","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u591a\u8df3\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7f51\u7edc\u5bb9\u91cf\u4f18\u5316\u4e0e\u8282\u80fd\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61461029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7779170245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014ZD03-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926244710","https://openalex.org/W1999509241","https://openalex.org/W2003146915","https://openalex.org/W2005108639","https://openalex.org/W2034420299","https://openalex.org/W2043827481","https://openalex.org/W2063846408","https://openalex.org/W2092353007","https://openalex.org/W2122658093","https://openalex.org/W2130891087","https://openalex.org/W2149170915","https://openalex.org/W3101445254","https://openalex.org/W3105072513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906618418","https://openalex.org/W790449367","https://openalex.org/W2275459886","https://openalex.org/W2962922943","https://openalex.org/W4386850052","https://openalex.org/W2963076731","https://openalex.org/W2038093983","https://openalex.org/W2921549278","https://openalex.org/W2249083530","https://openalex.org/W2604524836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra":[0],"dense":[1,29,63],"heterogeneous":[2],"networks":[3],"(HetNets),":[4],"which":[5],"involve":[6],"densely":[7],"deployed":[8],"small":[9,32],"cells":[10],"underlaying":[11],"traditional":[12],"macro":[13],"cellular":[14],"networks,":[15],"will":[16],"be":[17,128],"an":[18],"enabling":[19],"solution":[20],"for":[21],"extremely":[22],"high":[23],"data":[24,73],"rate":[25,74],"communications.":[26],"However,":[27],"the":[28,50,66,78,88,93,99,106,114,117,123,131],"deployment":[30,108],"of":[31,42,52,77,92,116],"cell":[33],"base":[34],"stations":[35],"(BSs)":[36],"inevitably":[37],"triggers":[38],"a":[39],"tremendous":[40],"escalation":[41],"energy":[43,59,101,124],"consumption.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"letter,":[47],"we":[48],"investigate":[49],"impact":[51],"BS":[53,56,107,133],"deployment,":[54],"especially":[55],"density":[57],"on":[58],"efficiency":[60,102,125],"in":[61,75,81],"ultra":[62],"HetNets":[64,95],"using":[65],"stochastic":[67],"geometry":[68],"theory.":[69],"The":[70,111],"minimum":[71,89],"achievable":[72,90],"terms":[76],"traffic":[79],"load":[80],"each":[82],"tier":[83],"is":[84,96,109],"characterized,":[85],"and":[86,120],"then":[87],"throughput":[91],"whole":[94],"obtained.":[97],"Finally,":[98],"closed-form":[100],"with":[103],"respect":[104],"to":[105],"derived.":[110],"simulation":[112],"validates":[113],"accuracy":[115],"theoretical":[118],"analysis,":[119],"demonstrates":[121],"that":[122],"maximization":[126],"can":[127],"achieved":[129],"by":[130],"optimized":[132],"deployment.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}