{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163184029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336","title":"Dense-Label-Map-Free SLIC Segmentation via Bit-Mask Cluster Encoding","display_name":"Dense-Label-Map-Free SLIC Segmentation via Bit-Mask Cluster Encoding","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163184029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137693207","display_name":"Yuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108723","display_name":"Changzhou Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/020mrfq61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-1990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137663997","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5082-6652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070329139","display_name":"Y. Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108723","display_name":"Changzhou Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/020mrfq61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanchao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hertfordshire College, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hertfordshire College, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130951316","display_name":"Zihang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056061175","display_name":"Youhua Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youhua Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-9776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69724566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":null,"first_page":"2310","last_page":"2314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.16760000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.16760000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.10899999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.06589999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6789000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.30219998955726624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6789000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3699336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Superpixels":[0],"are":[1],"widely":[2],"used":[3],"as":[4,112],"a":[5,40,65,96,113,132,145],"preprocessing":[6],"step":[7],"to":[8,30,54,100,117],"reduce":[9],"the":[10,25,47,70,85,121,124,138,173],"computational":[11,60],"cost":[12],"of":[13,24,80,135,149,169],"computer":[14],"vision":[15],"systems.":[16],"Simple":[17],"Linear":[18],"Iterative":[19],"Clustering":[20],"(SLIC)":[21],"is":[22,109],"one":[23],"most":[26],"popular":[27],"methods":[28],"due":[29],"its":[31,92],"simplicity":[32],"and":[33,50,58,95,126,155,172,182],"effectiveness.":[34],"However,":[35],"conventional":[36],"SLIC":[37,66],"requires":[38],"storing":[39,81],"full":[41],"image":[42],"size":[43],"label":[44,73],"map":[45,74],"throughout":[46],"iterative":[48],"assignment":[49],"update":[51],"process,":[52],"leading":[53],"high":[55],"memory":[56,152],"usage":[57],"limited":[59],"efficiency.":[61],"This":[62],"letter":[63],"presents":[64],"implementation":[67,176],"that":[68,136],"replaces":[69],"dense":[71],"image-sized":[72],"with":[75],"bit-mask":[76],"cluster":[77,90],"encoding.":[78],"Instead":[79],"per-pixel":[82],"labels":[83],"for":[84],"entire":[86],"image,":[87],"each":[88],"superpixel":[89],"stores":[91],"center":[93],"parameters":[94],"local":[97],"bit":[98],"mask":[99],"record":[101],"pixel":[102],"membership.":[103],"A":[104],"displacement-based":[105],"early":[106],"termination":[107],"mechanism":[108],"further":[110],"incorporated":[111],"practical":[114],"engineering":[115],"optimization":[116],"stop":[118],"iteration":[119],"when":[120],"change":[122],"between":[123],"current":[125,139],"previous":[127],"displacement":[128],"becomes":[129],"smaller":[130],"than":[131],"fixed":[133],"fraction":[134],"in":[137],"iteration.":[140],"The":[141],"proposed":[142],"method":[143],"enables":[144],"highly":[146],"efficient":[147],"realization":[148],"SLIC,":[150],"reducing":[151],"consumption,":[153],"computation,":[154],"runtime":[156],"while":[157],"preserving":[158],"segmentation":[159],"quality.":[160],"Experiments":[161],"on":[162],"BSDS500":[163],"show":[164],"an":[165],"average":[166],"processing":[167],"time":[168],"3.149":[170],"ms,":[171],"Kintex-7":[174],"FPGA":[175],"uses":[177],"only":[178],"3.58":[179],"%":[180,184],"LUTs":[181],"26.74":[183],"BRAM.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}