{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154029571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","title":"Data-Centric Pruning and Region-Weighted Loss for Robust Gaze Vector Estimation","display_name":"Data-Centric Pruning and Region-Weighted Loss for Robust Gaze Vector Estimation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154029571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101397842","display_name":"Alejandro Garcia De La Santa Ramos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Garc\u00eda de la Santa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-6135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121828588","display_name":"Adri\u00e1n Carrizo-P\u00e9rez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adri\u00e1n Carrizo-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1214-8546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133511549","display_name":"Ane Zulaika","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162361429","display_name":"Mondragon Unibertsitatea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wvqgd19","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162361429"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ane Zulaika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Mondragon, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3277-8033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Mondragon, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162361429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020170796","display_name":"Francisco Javier Iriarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-6526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Iriarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-6526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031497416","display_name":"Luis Unzueta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092551","display_name":"Vicomtech","ror":"https://ror.org/0023sah13","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Unzueta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-0910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fundaci&#x00F3;n Vicomtech, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092551"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063500594","display_name":"I\u00f1igo Perona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I\u00f1igo Perona","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089741483","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Jodr\u00e1","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Jodra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-9521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108389860","display_name":"A. Villanueva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arantxa Villanueva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-2530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4077481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":null,"first_page":"1796","last_page":"1800"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9049000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9049000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10542","display_name":"Vestibular and auditory disorders","score":0.042100001126527786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5378000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.3077000081539154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7336000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.611299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5378000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988922011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449244","display_name":"Filtering theory","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/57312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2454/57312","pdf_url":"https://academica-e.unavarra.es/bitstreams/9a273674-e939-4a1b-a043-2b32d3d55409/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402560","display_name":"Academica-e (Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","host_organization_name":"Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2026.3682985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1082578771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT1437-22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G173817323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123087OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700170513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"027-B2/2023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G72634000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZE-2023/00029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-the-wild":[0],"eye":[1],"tracking":[2],"datasets":[3],"to":[4,16,21,88,93,106,117],"train":[5],"gaze":[6,68,104,114],"vector":[7,69],"estimation":[8],"methods":[9],"are":[10,47],"noisy":[11],"and":[12,20,44,60,77,116,143],"unreliable,":[13],"due":[14],"both":[15],"limited":[17],"image":[18],"quality":[19,91],"weak":[22],"guarantees":[23],"on":[24,103,128,160],"label":[25,45],"accuracy.":[26],"At":[27],"the":[28,109,113,134,161],"same":[29],"time,":[30],"simply":[31],"increasing":[32],"dataset":[33,136,164],"size":[34],"does":[35],"not":[36,48],"guarantee":[37],"better":[38,107],"results,":[39],"especially":[40],"when":[41],"diversity,":[42],"balance":[43],"reliability":[46],"taken":[49],"into":[50],"account.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"work,":[54],"we":[55,97,124],"adopt":[56],"a":[57,99,129,139,146,157],"data-centric":[58],"perspective":[59],"introduce":[61],"an":[62,84,153],"innovative":[63],"data-pruning":[64],"pipeline":[65],"for":[66],"robust":[67],"estimation.":[70],"Our":[71],"methodology":[72],"leverages":[73],"vision-language":[74],"model":[75,158],"embeddings":[76],"their":[78],"zero-shot":[79],"classification":[80],"capabilities,":[81],"together":[82],"with":[83],"early-learning":[85],"prediction-error":[86],"analysis,":[87],"assign":[89],"task-aware":[90],"scores":[92],"individual":[94],"samples.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"incorporate":[98],"region-weighted":[100],"loss":[101],"conditioned":[102],"direction":[105],"handle":[108],"uneven":[110],"difficulty":[111],"across":[112],"space":[115],"improve":[118],"learning":[119],"in":[120],"under-represented":[121],"regions.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"validate":[125],"our":[126],"approach":[127],"large":[130],"relabeled":[131],"subset":[132,148],"of":[133,149],"GazeCapture":[135],"by":[137],"training":[138],"hybrid":[140],"gaze-estimation":[141],"model,":[142],"show":[144],"that":[145],"curated":[147],"84K":[150],"samples":[151],"yields":[152],"accuracy":[154],"improvement":[155],"over":[156],"trained":[159],"full":[162],"2.45M-sample":[163],"(<uri":[165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/c9ap-zm59</uri>":[167],"doi:10.21227/c9ap-zm59).":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T06:04:23.736269","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
