{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7114897764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348","title":"Nonintrusive Watermarking for CycleGAN","display_name":"Nonintrusive Watermarking for CycleGAN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7114897764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yebin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8982-445X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yebin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8982-445X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haonan An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6874-0229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong JC STEM Lab of Smart City and the Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6874-0229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong JC STEM Lab of Smart City and the Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-4359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-4359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiping Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-1226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiping Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-1226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50808831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":null,"first_page":"256","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5142999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5142999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.3874000012874603,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9398000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8126999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6324999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4235999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9398000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8126999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7415000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6324999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15738686","display_name":"Copy protection","level":4,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3643348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2787075213","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963444790","https://openalex.org/W2991318208","https://openalex.org/W2997717738","https://openalex.org/W3115000224","https://openalex.org/W3133747496","https://openalex.org/W3135872251","https://openalex.org/W3143336910","https://openalex.org/W3175133087","https://openalex.org/W3205572447","https://openalex.org/W4311736699","https://openalex.org/W4385382984","https://openalex.org/W4390874038","https://openalex.org/W4400447110","https://openalex.org/W4403791664","https://openalex.org/W4408566199","https://openalex.org/W4408750139","https://openalex.org/W4408913848","https://openalex.org/W4412082234","https://openalex.org/W4413144951"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"adversarial":[1],"networks":[2],"(GANs)":[3],"are":[4,54],"a":[5,98,110],"set":[6],"of":[7,63],"powerful":[8],"generative":[9],"models,":[10],"among":[11],"which":[12,69],"CycleGAN,":[13],"featuring":[14],"the":[15,28,75,80,95,121,125],"unique":[16,25],"cycle-consistency":[17,29],"loss,":[18],"has":[19],"gained":[20],"special":[21],"popularity.":[22],"However,":[23],"this":[24],"structure":[26],"and":[27,83],"loss":[30],"make":[31],"watermarking":[32,42,52,85],"CycleGAN":[33,96],"particularly":[34],"challenging,":[35],"rendering":[36],"existing":[37,50],"deep":[38],"neural":[39],"network":[40],"(DNN)":[41],"methods,":[43],"whether":[44],"model-agnostic":[45],"or":[46,60],"GAN-specific,":[47],"inapplicable.":[48],"Meanwhile,":[49],"DNN":[51],"methods":[53],"intrusive":[55],"in":[56],"nature,":[57],"requiring":[58],"direct":[59],"indirect":[61],"modification":[62],"model":[64,107,137],"parameters":[65],"for":[66,87],"watermark":[67,100,112],"embedding,":[68],"raises":[70],"fidelity":[71],"concerns.":[72],"To":[73],"solve":[74],"above":[76],"problems,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"first":[81],"nonintrusive":[82],"robust":[84,129],"method":[86,127],"CycleGAN.":[88],"We":[89],"empirically":[90],"show":[91],"that":[92,118],"without":[93],"modifying":[94],"model,":[97],"user-defined":[99],"image":[101,134],"can":[102],"still":[103],"be":[104],"extracted":[105],"from":[106,133],"outputs":[108],"using":[109],"dedicated":[111],"decoder.":[113],"Extensive":[114],"experimental":[115],"results":[116],"verify":[117],"while":[119],"achieving":[120],"so-called":[122],"absolute":[123],"fidelity,":[124],"proposed":[126],"is":[128],"to":[130,136],"various":[131],"attacks,":[132],"post-processing":[135],"stealing.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}