{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414767424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371","title":"WL-WEM Combining Low-Cost Watermark Enhancement Modules for In-Generation Watermarking","display_name":"WL-WEM Combining Low-Cost Watermark Enhancement Modules for In-Generation Watermarking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414767424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067543068","display_name":"Lifang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-7526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135483","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication","ror":"https://ror.org/03yg3v757","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-7526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119822810","display_name":"Xinchen Geng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135483","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication","ror":"https://ror.org/03yg3v757","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinchen Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070111961","display_name":"Shaowei Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-7699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165911609","display_name":"Changsha Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dt7z971","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165911609"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowei Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-7699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165911609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106659133","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6360-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135483","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication","ror":"https://ror.org/03yg3v757","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6360-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084481998","display_name":"Gang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-0125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-0125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22809979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.9373999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.32249999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.9373999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.760699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3617371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"general,":[1],"modifying":[2],"the":[3,26,30,33,38,52,78,81,90,95,113,116,130,134,139,144,150,166,169,176,188,196,232],"latent":[4,151,177],"diffusion":[5],"model":[6],"(LDM)":[7],"decoder":[8,35,83],"to":[9,21,37,40,80,111,125,164,186],"achieve":[10,126],"in-generation":[11,208],"watermarking":[12,58,209],"cannot":[13],"introduce":[14],"tremendous":[15],"computational":[16,48,140,221],"burden,":[17],"which":[18],"easily":[19],"leads":[20],"non-convergence.":[22],"This":[23],"necessarily":[24],"increases":[25],"difficulty":[27,53],"of":[28,108,115,146,168],"embedding":[29],"watermark":[31,63,71,131,147,173,189],"into":[32],"LDM":[34,82],"due":[36],"need":[39],"strike":[41],"a":[42,61,69,105,120,160,180,205,214],"balance":[43,216],"among":[44,217],"imperceptibility,":[45],"robustness":[46,114,167],"and":[47,54,68,93,118,133,149,171,175,201,225],"cost.":[49],"We":[50],"realize":[51],"design":[55],"two":[56],"lightweight":[57,206],"modules,":[59],"namely":[60],"low-cost":[62,121],"redundancy":[64],"enhancement":[65,72],"module":[66,73],"(WREM)":[67],"latent-guided":[70],"(LWEM),":[74],"aiming":[75],"at":[76],"reducing":[77,138],"modifications":[79],"as":[84,86,185],"much":[85],"possible":[87],"while":[88,142],"maintaining":[89],"generation":[91,223],"quality":[92,224],"enhancing":[94,143],"robustness.":[96,226],"Specifically,":[97],"WREM,":[98],"specially":[99],"designed":[100],"for":[101,155],"shallow":[102],"layers,":[103,157],"utilizes":[104],"small":[106],"number":[107],"repetition":[109],"operations":[110],"strengthen":[112,165],"watermark,":[117,170],"adopts":[119],"sub-pixel":[122],"convolution":[123,182],"layer":[124,183],"dimension":[127],"consistency":[128],"between":[129],"residual":[132,190],"input":[135,197],"latent,":[136],"greatly":[137],"cost":[141],"integration":[145],"features":[148,174],"feature.":[152],"LWEM,":[153,202],"tailored":[154],"deep":[156],"innovatively":[158],"exploits":[159],"simple":[161],"bilinear":[162],"interpolation":[163],"fuses":[172],"feature":[178],"using":[179],"cheap":[181],"so":[184],"generate":[187],"with":[191],"relatively":[192],"low":[193],"impact":[194],"on":[195],"latent.":[198],"Combining":[199],"WREM":[200],"we":[203],"construct":[204],"encoder-noiselayer-decoder":[207],"method":[210],"dubbed":[211],"WL-WEM":[212,234],"pursuing":[213],"satisfactory":[215],"three":[218,241],"metrics":[219],"including":[220],"cost,":[222],"Experimental":[227],"results":[228],"also":[229],"demonstrate":[230],"that":[231],"proposed":[233],"outperforms":[235],"several":[236],"related":[237],"works":[238],"in":[239],"balancing":[240],"metrics.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
