{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409077301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786","title":"MDFormer: Multi-Scale Downsampling-Based Transformer for Low-Light Image Enhancement","display_name":"MDFormer: Multi-Scale Downsampling-Based Transformer for Low-Light Image Enhancement","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409077301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9065-1614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9065-1614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022895441","display_name":"Liangtian He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1300-1892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangtian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University Center for Applied Mathematics, Anhui University, Hefei, China","School of Mathematical Sciences, and Anhui University Center for Applied Mathematics, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1300-1892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University Center for Applied Mathematics, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, and Anhui University Center for Applied Mathematics, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112439434","display_name":"Liang-Jian Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang-Jian Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-9772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-8608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-4224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9276-4224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04670544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":null,"first_page":"1575","last_page":"1579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.75528883934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5744448900222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4718199670314789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45727092027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2632572650909424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.75528883934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5744448900222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4718199670314789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45727092027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2632572650909424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2025.3556786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6572711536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12001005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2011260964","https://openalex.org/W2016622085","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2981718299","https://openalex.org/W3035731588","https://openalex.org/W3088065502","https://openalex.org/W3106758205","https://openalex.org/W3120540810","https://openalex.org/W3121661546","https://openalex.org/W3125869362","https://openalex.org/W3171125843","https://openalex.org/W3174814557","https://openalex.org/W3194942914","https://openalex.org/W3207918547","https://openalex.org/W3215386047","https://openalex.org/W4225672218","https://openalex.org/W4283023197","https://openalex.org/W4310138363","https://openalex.org/W4312812783","https://openalex.org/W4313059954","https://openalex.org/W4382240242","https://openalex.org/W4385236771","https://openalex.org/W4385626920","https://openalex.org/W4386075704","https://openalex.org/W4386075800","https://openalex.org/W4387535156","https://openalex.org/W4390872514","https://openalex.org/W4402705524","https://openalex.org/W4402727010","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6781550413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"Transformers":[1,66],"have":[2],"achieved":[3],"impressive":[4],"performance":[5],"in":[6,31,65],"the":[7,23,38,43,70,83,124,140,147,157,174,199],"field":[8],"of":[9,26,40,100,173],"low-light":[10,95,190],"image":[11,96,191],"enhancement.":[12],"Some":[13],"Transformer-based":[14],"methods":[15],"acquire":[16],"attention":[17,49,143,160,163],"maps":[18,144],"within":[19,131],"channel":[20,132],"dimension,":[21],"whereas":[22],"spatial":[24],"resolutions":[25],"queries":[27,119],"and":[28,54,105,120,178],"keys":[29,121],"involved":[30],"matrix":[32],"multiplication":[33],"are":[34,58],"much":[35],"larger":[36],"than":[37],"dimensions":[39],"channels.":[41],"During":[42],"key-query":[44],"dot-product":[45],"interaction":[46],"to":[47,122,145,154,181],"generate":[48],"maps,":[50],"massive":[51],"information":[52,72,170],"redundancy":[53],"expensive":[55],"computational":[56,125],"costs":[57],"incurred.":[59],"Simultaneously,":[60],"most":[61,158],"previous":[62],"feed-forward":[63],"networks":[64],"do":[67],"not":[68],"model":[69],"multi-range":[71,106,169],"that":[73,195],"plays":[74],"an":[75,88],"important":[76],"role":[77],"for":[78,94,118,139,149],"feature":[79],"reconstruction.":[80],"Based":[81],"on":[82,187],"above":[84],"observations,":[85],"we":[86,135],"propose":[87],"effective":[89],"Multi-Scale":[90],"Downsampling-Based":[91],"Transformer":[92],"(MDFormer)":[93],"enhancement,":[97],"which":[98,151],"consists":[99],"multi-scale":[101,175],"downsampling-based":[102],"self-attention":[103,129],"(MDSA)":[104],"gated":[107],"extraction":[108],"block":[109],"(MGEB).":[110],"MDSA":[111,153],"employs":[112],"downsampling":[113],"with":[114],"two":[115,141],"different":[116],"factors":[117],"save":[123],"cost":[126],"when":[127],"implementing":[128],"operations":[130],"dimension.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"introduce":[136],"learnable":[137],"parameters":[138],"generated":[142],"adjust":[146],"weights":[148],"fusion,":[150],"allows":[152],"adaptively":[155],"retain":[156],"significant":[159],"scores":[161],"from":[162],"maps.":[164],"The":[165],"proposed":[166],"MGEB":[167],"captures":[168],"by":[171],"virtue":[172],"depth-wise":[176],"convolutions":[177],"dilated":[179],"convolutions,":[180],"enhance":[182],"modeling":[183],"capabilities.":[184],"Extensive":[185],"experiments":[186],"four":[188],"challenging":[189],"enhancement":[192],"datasets":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"our":[196],"method":[197],"outperforms":[198],"state-of-the-art.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}