{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389584731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397","title":"Radar-Infrared Sensor Fusion Based on Hierarchical Features Mining","display_name":"Radar-Infrared Sensor Fusion Based on Hierarchical Features Mining","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389584731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038009961","display_name":"Lihe Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5803-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihe Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5803-072X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068336830","display_name":"Wei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-2664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-2664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101519264","display_name":"Yaojun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaojun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-8459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101440599","display_name":"Liang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5846-849X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5846-849X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008256662","display_name":"Yinghui Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-9441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-9441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96436518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"66","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.7154321074485779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.690612256526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6860848069190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6754140853881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5660049319267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.5386651754379272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.44821634888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4472964406013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.43647050857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40144971013069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4006744623184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.365111768245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08969631791114807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.7154321074485779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.690612256526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6860848069190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6754140853881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5660049319267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.5386651754379272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.44821634888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4472964406013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.43647050857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40144971013069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4006744623184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.365111768245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08969631791114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2023.3341397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5807194875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12005169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G620763321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62331019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6419395077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2050323089","https://openalex.org/W2075343212","https://openalex.org/W2120459250","https://openalex.org/W2132329643","https://openalex.org/W2133047848","https://openalex.org/W2139323304","https://openalex.org/W2149918662","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2169164332","https://openalex.org/W2484797342","https://openalex.org/W2515564453","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2564446447","https://openalex.org/W2943085063","https://openalex.org/W2957718075","https://openalex.org/W2982255064","https://openalex.org/W3126994406","https://openalex.org/W3148848505","https://openalex.org/W3211522713","https://openalex.org/W4296138560","https://openalex.org/W4296345598","https://openalex.org/W4379801188","https://openalex.org/W6802821011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2353265673","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"resolution":[1],"range":[2,27],"profile":[3],"(HRRP)":[4],"provides":[5],"abundant":[6],"target":[7,142,148],"information":[8,138],"but":[9,62],"is":[10,29,109,118],"susceptible":[11],"to":[12,31,35,51,111,120,124],"external":[13],"electromagnetic":[14],"interference.":[15],"While":[16],"infrared":[17,44,91,99],"sensor":[18,100],"possesses":[19],"strong":[20],"anti-jamming":[21],"capability,":[22],"it":[23],"has":[24],"limited":[25],"detection":[26],"and":[28,43,57,67,90,143],"vulnerable":[30],"weather":[32],"conditions,":[33],"leading":[34],"reduced":[36],"imaging":[37],"resolution.":[38],"The":[39,116,128],"integration":[40],"of":[41,59,69,83,140,147],"radar":[42,98],"sensors":[45],"can":[46,135],"synergize":[47],"their":[48],"respective":[49],"strengths":[50],"not":[52],"only":[53],"improve":[54,144],"the":[55,60,65,70,78,81,113,126,132,137,141,145],"reliability":[56],"robustness":[58],"system":[61],"also":[63],"enhance":[64,136],"credibility":[66],"accuracy":[68,146],"data.":[71,93],"However,":[72],"there":[73],"exist":[74],"many":[75],"challenges":[76],"in":[77],"research":[79],"on":[80,104],"fusion":[82,101],"heterogeneous":[84],"data":[85,89],"like":[86],"HRRP":[87],"1D":[88],"2D":[92],"In":[94],"this":[95],"letter,":[96],"a":[97],"method":[102,117,134],"based":[103],"hierarchical":[105],"features":[106],"mining":[107],"(HFM)":[108],"proposed":[110,133],"solve":[112],"problems":[114],"above.":[115],"applied":[119],"multi-target":[121],"recognition":[122],"tasks":[123],"verify":[125],"effectiveness.":[127],"results":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"that":[131],"completeness":[139],"recognition.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}