{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312780810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147","title":"A Coulomb Force Inspired Loss Function for High-Performance Pedestrian Detection","display_name":"A Coulomb Force Inspired Loss Function for High-Performance Pedestrian Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312780810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030492553","display_name":"Zhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Active Perception Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-9695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Active Perception Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384838","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002278578","display_name":"Yezhou Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-8976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yezhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and AI, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-8976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and AI, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076090670","display_name":"Junliang Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6801-0510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junliang Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67694666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":"2318","last_page":"2322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7508736848831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6331300735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6184026002883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coulomb","display_name":"Coulomb","score":0.5600185990333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5209116339683533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4810536205768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.46141183376312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.46071845293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4222554564476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4116875231266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3684556484222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3257865309715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24792519211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18422111868858337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7508736848831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6331300735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6184026002883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9342510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25406","display_name":"Coulomb","level":3,"score":0.5600185990333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5209116339683533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4810536205768585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.46141183376312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.46071845293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4222554564476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4116875231266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3684556484222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3257865309715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24792519211769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18422111868858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3220147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1650122911","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2107775979","https://openalex.org/W2156547346","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200528286","https://openalex.org/W2497039038","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2531915888","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2594507094","https://openalex.org/W2613599172","https://openalex.org/W2775890136","https://openalex.org/W2792824754","https://openalex.org/W2798542761","https://openalex.org/W2883363148","https://openalex.org/W2894820835","https://openalex.org/W2895077992","https://openalex.org/W2896540732","https://openalex.org/W2962850098","https://openalex.org/W2963404857","https://openalex.org/W2963681621","https://openalex.org/W2963769056","https://openalex.org/W2990075400","https://openalex.org/W3034303554","https://openalex.org/W3035323039","https://openalex.org/W3092687228","https://openalex.org/W3104732503","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6750697433","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pedestrian":[0],"detection":[1],"has":[2,13],"received":[3],"considerable":[4],"research":[5],"interest":[6],"due":[7,38],"to":[8,33,39,72,120],"its":[9],"wide":[10],"application":[11],"and":[12,65,69,79,134,154],"made":[14],"significant":[15,31],"progress":[16],"along":[17],"with":[18],"the":[19,40,50,67,74,89,103,152],"development":[20],"of":[21],"deep":[22],"neural":[23],"networks.":[24],"However,":[25],"crowd":[26],"occlusion":[27],"still":[28],"remains":[29],"a":[30,61,128],"challenge":[32],"current":[34],"state-of-the-art":[35,159],"pedestrian":[36],"detectors":[37],"complication":[41],"in":[42,54,140],"formulating":[43],"interactions":[44],"between":[45,76],"occluded":[46],"instances.":[47],"Inspired":[48],"by":[49,86],"Coulomb":[51],"force,":[52],"we":[53,126],"this":[55,124],"work":[56],"set":[57],"each":[58],"proposal":[59],"as":[60],"single":[62],"electric":[63],"charge":[64],"define":[66],"attractive":[68,90],"repulsive":[70,107],"forces":[71],"model":[73],"interaction":[75],"ground":[77,104],"truths":[78],"assigned":[80,97],"proposals.":[81],"This":[82],"design":[83],"is":[84],"driven":[85],"two":[87],"motivations:":[88],"force":[91,108],"pulls":[92],"bounding":[93,110,130],"boxes":[94,111],"toward":[95],"their":[96],"targets,":[98],"aggregating":[99],"them":[100,117],"compactly":[101],"around":[102],"truths.":[105],"The":[106],"pushes":[109],"away":[112],"from":[113,118],"other":[114],"instances,":[115],"preventing":[116],"shifting":[119],"surrounding":[121],"pedestrians.":[122],"With":[123],"insight,":[125],"propose":[127],"novel":[129],"box":[131],"regression":[132],"loss":[133],"achieve":[135],"more":[136],"robust":[137],"localization":[138],"performance":[139],"crowded":[141],"scenes":[142],"without":[143],"introducing":[144],"any":[145],"computational":[146],"overhead.":[147],"Extensive":[148],"experimental":[149],"evaluations":[150],"on":[151],"CityPersons":[153],"CrowdHuman":[155],"benchmarks":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"consistent":[158],"performance.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
