{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293193295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667","title":"Semi-Supervised Text Detection With Accurate Pseudo-Labels","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Text Detection With Accurate Pseudo-Labels","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293193295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101986556","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-3107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078162380","display_name":"Hongtao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-5315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008604905","display_name":"Shancheng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-3664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shancheng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046305086","display_name":"Yongdong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-1792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongdong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101986556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59674198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":"1272","last_page":"1276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8191742897033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7651628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6454940438270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5429394841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5426708459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.516606867313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-detection","display_name":"Text detection","score":0.4982578754425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4859577417373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.41408300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3580095171928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3432641327381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1849852204322815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8191742897033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7651628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6454940438270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5429394841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5426708459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.516606867313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983589003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Text detection","level":3,"score":0.4982578754425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4859577417373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.41408300399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3580095171928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3432641327381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1849852204322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2022.3175667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1143620254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M693092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1484805094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK3480000011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3216672294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y2021122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3316061764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3828173677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62121002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6179918720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1936210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G891989852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1972065312","https://openalex.org/W2008806374","https://openalex.org/W2144554289","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2395360388","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2772800855","https://openalex.org/W2810028092","https://openalex.org/W2962935569","https://openalex.org/W2963299604","https://openalex.org/W2963353821","https://openalex.org/W2963398399","https://openalex.org/W2963647456","https://openalex.org/W2964685115","https://openalex.org/W2964796972","https://openalex.org/W2967615747","https://openalex.org/W2968226676","https://openalex.org/W2991626090","https://openalex.org/W2998621280","https://openalex.org/W3003861315","https://openalex.org/W3027134841","https://openalex.org/W3030221510","https://openalex.org/W3034514377","https://openalex.org/W3034792612","https://openalex.org/W3035679705","https://openalex.org/W3092834961","https://openalex.org/W3108698779","https://openalex.org/W3153658626","https://openalex.org/W3197400233","https://openalex.org/W3199738066","https://openalex.org/W3208727551","https://openalex.org/W3209485964","https://openalex.org/W3213224137","https://openalex.org/W4205688364","https://openalex.org/W4210707990","https://openalex.org/W6712036928","https://openalex.org/W6746206475","https://openalex.org/W6787343601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2000775715","https://openalex.org/W2795393339","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W2074467390","https://openalex.org/W1996690921","https://openalex.org/W3011293149","https://openalex.org/W4312456405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"scene":[1],"text":[2,32,40,70,91,123],"detection":[3,33],"methods":[4,11,170],"have":[5],"made":[6],"great":[7],"progress.":[8],"However,":[9],"existing":[10,169],"rely":[12],"heavily":[13],"on":[14,42,165,173],"extensive":[15],"labeled":[16,43],"data,":[17],"which":[18],"is":[19,60,118],"very":[20],"time-consuming":[21],"and":[22,49,72,125],"expensive.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"letter,":[26],"we":[27,95],"propose":[28],"a":[29,55,98,113],"novel":[30],"semi-supervised":[31],"method":[34,161],"to":[35,62,102,120,131,143,147,154],"alleviate":[36],"the":[37,64,82,105,132,135,149,152],"dependence":[38],"of":[39,77,84,108,134,151],"detectors":[41],"data":[44,52,139,146],"by":[45,171],"generating":[46],"accurate":[47,88],"pseudo-labels":[48,89],"performing":[50],"effective":[51,138],"augmentations.":[53],"Specifically,":[54],"dual-threshold":[56],"pseudo-label":[57],"generation":[58],"algorithm":[59],"designed":[61],"divide":[63],"prediction":[65],"results":[66],"into":[67],"background":[68],"regions,":[69,71],"uncertain":[73,78],"regions.":[74],"The":[75],"definition":[76],"regions":[79],"obviously":[80],"improves":[81],"accuracy":[83],"pseudo-labels.":[85],"To":[86],"obtain":[87],"for":[90],"at":[92],"various":[93,155],"scales,":[94],"first":[96],"design":[97],"scale-aware":[99],"loss":[100,106],"function":[101],"adaptively":[103,126],"adjust":[104],"weight":[107,127],"different":[109],"scale":[110,133],"texts.":[111,156],"Then,":[112],"multi-scale":[114,122],"feature":[115],"extraction":[116],"module":[117],"proposed":[119],"extract":[121],"features":[124,129],"these":[128],"according":[130],"text.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"augmentations":[140],"are":[141],"explored":[142],"use":[144],"unlabeled":[145],"improve":[148],"robustness":[150],"model":[153],"Experiments":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"our":[160],"achieves":[162],"state-of-the-art":[163],"performance":[164],"several":[166],"datasets(e.g.,":[167],"outperforms":[168],"2.0&#x0025;":[172],"TD500).":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
