{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200367795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","title":"CLECG: A Novel Contrastive Learning Framework for Electrocardiogram Arrhythmia Classification","display_name":"CLECG: A Novel Contrastive Learning Framework for Electrocardiogram Arrhythmia Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200367795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","mag":"3200367795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102715125","display_name":"Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-2197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: chenh19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-2197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: chenh19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045183950","display_name":"Guijin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guijin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: wangguijin@tsinghua.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-3044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: wangguijin@tsinghua.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459556","display_name":"Guodong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-5465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, China, 100084 (e-mail: zhanggd18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-5465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, China, 100084 (e-mail: zhanggd18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405781","display_name":"Ping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-6191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153550","display_name":"Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/050nfgr37","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, 589702 Beijing, China, (e-mail: zhpdoc@126.com)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, 589702 Beijing, China, (e-mail: zhpdoc@126.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: yanghz@tsinghua.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: yanghz@tsinghua.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94266201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"1993","last_page":"1997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7613980174064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6666936874389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6025497317314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5889230370521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5884667634963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.5803432464599609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.488931804895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48516660928726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4772072434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.45304206013679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.42036744952201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.415774941444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35026317834854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.22133922576904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07578489184379578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613980174064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6666936874389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6025497317314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5889230370521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5884667634963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.5803432464599609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.488931804895401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48516660928726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4772072434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.45304206013679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.42036744952201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.415774941444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35026317834854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.22133922576904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07578489184379578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2021.3114119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657529583","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2291961022","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2765690220","https://openalex.org/W2794550444","https://openalex.org/W2795302640","https://openalex.org/W2803832415","https://openalex.org/W2810123878","https://openalex.org/W2887679614","https://openalex.org/W2888456553","https://openalex.org/W2902644322","https://openalex.org/W2939732897","https://openalex.org/W2947540700","https://openalex.org/W2949795958","https://openalex.org/W2964036440","https://openalex.org/W2970017847","https://openalex.org/W2972810968","https://openalex.org/W2979566887","https://openalex.org/W2996959172","https://openalex.org/W3005055041","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3015226328","https://openalex.org/W3015418729","https://openalex.org/W3027572331","https://openalex.org/W3032941608","https://openalex.org/W3034978746","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3038009380","https://openalex.org/W3040854424","https://openalex.org/W3083891030","https://openalex.org/W3084949122","https://openalex.org/W3098026853","https://openalex.org/W3099085560","https://openalex.org/W3107490265","https://openalex.org/W3125128672","https://openalex.org/W4287775015","https://openalex.org/W6749634845","https://openalex.org/W6771972966","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6777710016","https://openalex.org/W6780576590","https://openalex.org/W6785972966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4382286161","https://openalex.org/W4386213806","https://openalex.org/W2960456850","https://openalex.org/W4317565044","https://openalex.org/W2889705046","https://openalex.org/W4220686584","https://openalex.org/W4246751904","https://openalex.org/W3192794374","https://openalex.org/W3099805903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"intelligent":[2],"electrocardiogram":[3],"(ECG)":[4],"diagnosis":[5,45],"algorithms":[6],"heavily":[7],"rely":[8],"on":[9],"large":[10],"annotated":[11],"datasets.":[12],"Unfortunately,":[13],"in":[14],"the":[15,23,39,42,71,75,82,92,100,120],"context":[16],"of":[17,26,33,41,77,81,96,114],"ECG":[18,34,44,59],"diagnosis,":[19],"privacy":[20],"issues":[21],"and":[22,90,128],"high":[24],"cost":[25],"data":[27],"annotations":[28],"lead":[29],"to":[30,63,87],"a":[31,52],"shortage":[32],"datasets":[35],"which":[36],"severely":[37],"limits":[38],"performance":[40],"state-of-the-art":[43],"algorithms.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"novel":[53],"instance-level":[54],"contrastive":[55],"learning":[56,131],"scheme":[57],"for":[58],"signals,":[60],"namely":[61],"CLECG,":[62],"mine":[64],"effective":[65],"information":[66],"from":[67,99],"unlabeled":[68],"data.":[69],"During":[70],"pre-training,":[72],"CLECG":[73,122],"encourages":[74],"representations":[76,95],"different":[78,101],"augmented":[79,97],"views":[80,98],"same":[83],"signal":[84],"(positive":[85],"samples)":[86],"be":[88],"similar":[89],"increases":[91],"distance":[93],"between":[94],"signals":[102],"(negative":[103],"samples).":[104],"The":[105],"whole":[106],"pre-training":[107],"process":[108],"does":[109],"not":[110],"require":[111],"any":[112],"form":[113],"labeling.":[115],"Experimental":[116],"results":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119],"proposed":[121],"strategy":[123],"outperforms":[124],"other":[125],"self-supervised":[126],"methods":[127],"supervised":[129],"transfer":[130],"strategies.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}