{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000801205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","title":"Massive MIMO With Ternary ADCs","display_name":"Massive MIMO With Ternary ADCs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000801205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","mag":"3000801205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439698","display_name":"Cheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-4207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086931919","display_name":"Yindi Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0412-6658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yindi Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056225611","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2545-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072916702","display_name":"Xiaohu You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100439698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78674877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":null,"first_page":"271","last_page":"275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6971335411071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.6659937500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6198937892913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.580622136592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5368462204933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ternary-operation","display_name":"Ternary operation","score":0.5292669534683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5123142004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.4662315845489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.43634480237960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4327634871006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.319915771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17138680815696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15198394656181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15131807327270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.11146417260169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10005044937133789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6971335411071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.6659937500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6198937892913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.580622136592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5368462204933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.5292669534683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5123142004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.4662315845489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.43634480237960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4327634871006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.319915771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17138680815696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15198394656181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15131807327270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.11146417260169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10005044937133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.2967997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3630466707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1936201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4152119378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61720106003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G561333141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G584858438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1492693261","https://openalex.org/W1530423018","https://openalex.org/W1763302039","https://openalex.org/W1776974347","https://openalex.org/W1987395216","https://openalex.org/W2109808436","https://openalex.org/W2120821928","https://openalex.org/W2158514137","https://openalex.org/W2533046718","https://openalex.org/W2582328874","https://openalex.org/W2766731005","https://openalex.org/W2766809948","https://openalex.org/W2779097215","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2963276990","https://openalex.org/W2963834975","https://openalex.org/W3099569782","https://openalex.org/W6646984969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W4300468626","https://openalex.org/W4365807906","https://openalex.org/W2157864637","https://openalex.org/W4223416141","https://openalex.org/W2546639359","https://openalex.org/W1922070205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[1],"(MIMO)":[2],"system":[3,40],"inevitably":[4],"faces":[5],"the":[6,21,39,85,107],"hardware":[7],"cost":[8],"and":[9,74,91],"energy":[10,123],"efficiency":[11],"problem":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,106],"its":[15],"large":[16],"number":[17],"of":[18,27,57,97],"antennas":[19],"at":[20],"base":[22],"station":[23],"(BS).":[24],"The":[25,55],"use":[26],"low-resolution":[28],"analog-to-digital":[29],"converters":[30],"(ADCs),":[31],"e.g.,":[32],"typical":[33,58],"1-bit":[34,90],"ADCs,":[35],"can":[36,82,103,146],"effectively":[37,83],"reduce":[38],"cost.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"consider":[46],"a":[47,148],"massive":[48,138],"MIMO":[49,139],"uplink":[50],"with":[51,66],"ternary/three":[52],"level":[53],"ADCs.":[54],"design":[56,96,109],"linear":[59],"combiner":[60],"based":[61],"detectors":[62],"is":[63],"given":[64],"along":[65],"their":[67],"analytical":[68],"symbol-error-rate":[69],"(SER)":[70],"performance":[71,87],"results.":[72],"Analytical":[73],"simulation":[75],"results":[76],"show":[77],"that":[78],"1)":[79],"ternary":[80,98,115,144],"ADCs":[81,99,116,121,133],"compensate":[84],"SER":[86,101],"gap":[88],"between":[89],"full-resolution":[92],"ADCs;":[93],"2)":[94],"optimal":[95],"for":[100,110,126,134],"minimization":[102],"be":[104,141,147],"referred":[105],"existing":[108],"quantization":[111],"error":[112],"minimization;":[113],"3)":[114],"perform":[117],"better":[118],"than":[119],"2-bit":[120,132],"in":[122,137],"efficiency.":[124],"Thus,":[125],"some":[127],"low-cost":[128],"scenarios":[129],"where":[130],"implementing":[131],"each":[135],"antenna":[136],"may":[140],"even":[142],"unaffordable,":[143],"ADC":[145],"good":[149],"choice.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
