{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977915324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","title":"STUPEFY: Set-Valued Box Particle Filtering for Bluetooth Low Energy-Based Indoor Localization","display_name":"STUPEFY: Set-Valued Box Particle Filtering for Bluetooth Low Energy-Based Indoor Localization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977915324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","mag":"2977915324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017386905","display_name":"Parvin Malekzadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parvin Malekzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058253407","display_name":"Arash Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-7923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arash Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-7923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014928168","display_name":"Mihai Barbulescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-6034"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Barbulescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dormakaba Canada Inc., Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-6034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dormakaba Canada Inc., Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1484,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92243667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"12","first_page":"1773","last_page":"1777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.785551130771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6543852090835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5338455438613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.5332996845245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5104264616966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.4948667883872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4942331612110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4576422870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4561348557472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.441880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3458600640296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.26327741146087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1807486116886139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0969153344631195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.785551130771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6543852090835571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5338455438613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.5332996845245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5104264616966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.4948667883872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4942331612110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4576422870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4561348557472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.441880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3458600640296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26327741146087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1807486116886139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0969153344631195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2945402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582766439","https://openalex.org/W1917840669","https://openalex.org/W1939284039","https://openalex.org/W2001099320","https://openalex.org/W2072476227","https://openalex.org/W2087988339","https://openalex.org/W2119539043","https://openalex.org/W2167029399","https://openalex.org/W2189789452","https://openalex.org/W2296766323","https://openalex.org/W2299515439","https://openalex.org/W2306156530","https://openalex.org/W2340447012","https://openalex.org/W2554376373","https://openalex.org/W2562522049","https://openalex.org/W2608226928","https://openalex.org/W2681546569","https://openalex.org/W2765095969","https://openalex.org/W2766799585","https://openalex.org/W2767290858","https://openalex.org/W2769811483","https://openalex.org/W2793307296","https://openalex.org/W2794120611","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2889917776","https://openalex.org/W2892297379","https://openalex.org/W2892370975","https://openalex.org/W2893651543","https://openalex.org/W2895206136","https://openalex.org/W2923594385","https://openalex.org/W2948907366","https://openalex.org/W2966416380","https://openalex.org/W3011442853","https://openalex.org/W4240342581","https://openalex.org/W6634584583","https://openalex.org/W6730122267","https://openalex.org/W6749441162","https://openalex.org/W6775257121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2362681120","https://openalex.org/W2376320007","https://openalex.org/W4376643979","https://openalex.org/W2322402661","https://openalex.org/W2389079374","https://openalex.org/W2372429262","https://openalex.org/W4252024964","https://openalex.org/W4253883008","https://openalex.org/W4225393332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,38,72,83,96,117,131,137,156,161,166],"rapid":[2],"emergence":[3],"of":[4,6,60,102,127,130,155,204],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT),":[8],"we":[9],"are":[10,64],"more":[11,13],"and":[12,23,44,124,197],"surrounded":[14],"by":[15],"smart":[16],"connected":[17],"devices":[18],"with":[19,136,160,169],"integrated":[20,104],"sensing,":[21],"processing,":[22],"communication":[24],"capabilities.":[25],"Bluetooth":[26,33],"Low":[27],"Energy":[28],"(BLE),":[29],"referred":[30,80],"to":[31,41,81,115,150],"as":[32,37,82],"Smart,":[34],"is":[35,190],"considered":[36],"main-stream":[39],"technology":[40],"perform":[42],"identification":[43],"localization/tracking":[45],"in":[46,66,134,146,202],"IoT":[47],"applications.":[48],"While":[49],"single-model":[50],"BLE-based":[51,77,207],"tracking":[52,78,209],"has":[53],"been":[54],"investigated":[55],"from":[56],"different":[57],"aspects,":[58],"application":[59],"multi-model":[61],"(hybrid)":[62],"solutions":[63],"still":[65],"their":[67],"infancy.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"regard,":[71],"letter":[73],"proposes":[74],"a":[75,152],"novel":[76,177],"framework,":[79],"STUPEFY,":[84],"which":[85],"incorporates":[86],"set-valued":[87,178],"information":[88],"within":[89],"box":[90,164,179],"particle":[91,180],"filtering":[92,114,181],"context.":[93],"More":[94],"specifically,":[95],"proposed":[97,187],"multiple-model":[98],"STUPEFY":[99,188],"framework":[100,189],"consists":[101],"three":[103],"modules,":[105],"i.e.,":[106],"an":[107,147],"intriguing":[108],"Smoothing":[109],"Module":[110],"based":[111,192],"on":[112,193],"Kalman":[113],"reduce":[116],"Received":[118],"Signal":[119],"Strength":[120],"Indicator":[121],"(RSSI)":[122],"fluctuations":[123],"facilitate":[125],"comparison":[126],"Gaussian":[128],"models":[129],"RSSI":[132,173],"values":[133],"distribution":[135],"learned":[138,172],"ones;":[139],"A":[140,176],"learning-based":[141],"model":[142],"(Coordination":[143],"Module)":[144],"utilized":[145],"intuitive":[148],"fashion":[149],"provide/construct":[151],"coarse":[153],"estimate":[154],"target's":[157],"location":[158],"together":[159],"smallest":[162],"axes-aligned":[163],"containing":[165],"ellipsoid":[167],"associated":[168],"each":[170],"zone's":[171],"distribution,":[174],"and;":[175],"(SBPF)":[182],"approach":[183],"(Micro-Localization":[184],"Module).":[185],"The":[186],"evaluated":[191],"real":[194],"BLE":[195],"datasets":[196],"results":[198],"illustrate":[199],"significant":[200],"potentials":[201],"terms":[203],"improving":[205],"overall":[206],"achievable":[208],"accuracy.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}