{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966098955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","title":"A Beamforming Algorithm Based on Maximum Likelihood of a Complex Gaussian Distribution With Time-Varying Variances for Robust Speech Recognition","display_name":"A Beamforming Algorithm Based on Maximum Likelihood of a Complex Gaussian Distribution With Time-Varying Variances for Robust Speech Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966098955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","mag":"2966098955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089734761","display_name":"Byung Joon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1268-5433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung Joon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1268-5433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087401231","display_name":"Jun-Min Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9973-9021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Min Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031280750","display_name":"Hyung\u2010Min Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-5493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung-Min Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-5493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89162222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"9","first_page":"1398","last_page":"1402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7759914994239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-variance-unbiased-estimator","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","score":0.6035387516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5669305324554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.49762657284736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48824599385261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48240768909454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.4820002615451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.4805198609828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-enhancement","display_name":"Speech enhancement","score":0.4802573025226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4512008726596832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40522506833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1854132115840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.14737078547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1137641966342926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7759914994239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165646398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3755281","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","level":3,"score":0.6035387516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5669305324554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.49762657284736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48824599385261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48240768909454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.4820002615451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.4805198609828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776182073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575395","display_name":"Speech enhancement","level":3,"score":0.4802573025226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4512008726596832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40522506833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1854132115840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.14737078547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1137641966342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2932848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W217932999","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1598480134","https://openalex.org/W1989314204","https://openalex.org/W2014768838","https://openalex.org/W2039844283","https://openalex.org/W2043216213","https://openalex.org/W2060108923","https://openalex.org/W2096819401","https://openalex.org/W2113990625","https://openalex.org/W2121973264","https://openalex.org/W2143027228","https://openalex.org/W2144244295","https://openalex.org/W2168273590","https://openalex.org/W2242685705","https://openalex.org/W2289394825","https://openalex.org/W2398042854","https://openalex.org/W2400339399","https://openalex.org/W2412956798","https://openalex.org/W2466975593","https://openalex.org/W2486913545","https://openalex.org/W2490695385","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2517616541","https://openalex.org/W2559260703","https://openalex.org/W2563666542","https://openalex.org/W2586584460","https://openalex.org/W2699350432","https://openalex.org/W2702006285","https://openalex.org/W2714487941","https://openalex.org/W2748661748","https://openalex.org/W2766901645","https://openalex.org/W2792498316","https://openalex.org/W2802422770","https://openalex.org/W2884797218","https://openalex.org/W2889801373","https://openalex.org/W2900091068","https://openalex.org/W2905402910","https://openalex.org/W2962892438","https://openalex.org/W2966212213","https://openalex.org/W3098052090","https://openalex.org/W3147539069","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6661582794","https://openalex.org/W6766475400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2996333928","https://openalex.org/W2009075871","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2518591292","https://openalex.org/W2105408150","https://openalex.org/W1976800395","https://openalex.org/W2803318287","https://openalex.org/W2606661315","https://openalex.org/W2548445082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"addresses":[2],"acoustic":[3],"beamforming":[4,35],"for":[5,21,114],"robust":[6,22,115],"speech":[7,26,169],"recognition.":[8],"Beamforming":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"demonstrated":[12],"to":[13,40,158,166],"be":[14,150],"one":[15],"of":[16,24,54,108,117,128,161],"the":[17,42,50,63,68,73,87,94,105,121,126,135,155],"most":[18],"effective":[19],"approaches":[20],"recognition":[23,141],"distant":[25],"using":[27,104],"multi-microphones.":[28],"In":[29,146],"this":[30],"letter,":[31],"we":[32,38],"derive":[33],"a":[34,55,59,77,129,162],"method,":[36],"which":[37,137,171],"refer":[39],"as":[41,91,93],"\u201cmaximum-likelihood":[43],"distortionless":[44,60],"response":[45],"(MLDR)\u201d":[46],"beamformer,":[47],"based":[48],"on":[49,62],"maximum-likelihood":[51],"estimation":[52,116],"(MLE)":[53],"linear":[56],"filter,":[57],"with":[58,82,97],"constraint":[61],"steering":[64],"direction,":[65],"assuming":[66],"that":[67],"optimal":[69],"beamformer":[70,88,123],"outputs":[71],"in":[72,139],"time-frequency":[74],"domain":[75],"follow":[76],"zero-mean":[78],"complex":[79],"Gaussian":[80],"distribution":[81],"time-varying":[83],"variances.":[84],"By":[85],"optimizing":[86],"output":[89,109,119,156],"variances":[90,157],"well":[92],"filter":[95],"alternately":[96],"iterative":[98],"update":[99],"rules,":[100],"and":[101],"also":[102],"by":[103,153],"moving":[106],"average":[107],"powers":[110,160],"at":[111,134],"adjacent":[112],"frames":[113],"an":[118],"variance,":[120],"MLDR":[122],"may":[124],"minimize":[125],"power":[127],"relatively":[130],"accurate":[131],"noise":[132],"component":[133],"output,":[136],"resulted":[138],"better":[140,174],"performance":[142,175],"than":[143,176],"conventional":[144],"beamformers.":[145],"addition,":[147],"it":[148],"can":[149],"further":[151],"improved":[152],"initializing":[154],"averaged":[159],"neural-network(NN)-masked":[163],"input":[164],"signal":[165],"estimate":[167],"target":[168],"powers,":[170],"achieved":[172],"even":[173],"compared":[177],"beamformers":[178],"exploiting":[179],"trained":[180],"NNs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
