{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906196996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","title":"Learning Bilevel Layer Priors for Single Image Rain Streaks Removal","display_name":"Learning Bilevel Layer Priors for Single Image Rain Streaks Removal","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906196996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","mag":"2906196996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006040955","display_name":"Pan Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-2673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pan Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326501","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042370642","display_name":"Risheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057776894","display_name":"Xin Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT-RU International School of Information Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045140275","display_name":"Zhongxuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongxuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006040955"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93501845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"307","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.8639207482337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7893848419189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.7338958978652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.543421745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5334043502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.49530449509620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4812600314617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-information","display_name":"Prior information","score":0.4416499733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4333034157752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3509056568145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3369233310222626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.320925235748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.1569133996963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1537453830242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.11153069138526917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.8639207482337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7893848419189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7338958978652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.543421745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5334043502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.49530449509620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4812600314617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020402766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104376712","display_name":"Prior information","level":2,"score":0.4416499733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4333034157752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3509056568145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3369233310222626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.320925235748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.1569133996963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1537453830242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.11153069138526917}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2018.2889277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3526176278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61733002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G370587131","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3712061478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6305638430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61806057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6862244890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61632019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G873797374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61562062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W586722081","https://openalex.org/W1909316225","https://openalex.org/W1976056157","https://openalex.org/W1996726072","https://openalex.org/W2017416107","https://openalex.org/W2044241503","https://openalex.org/W2061503749","https://openalex.org/W2097900287","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2100969003","https://openalex.org/W2119535410","https://openalex.org/W2121396509","https://openalex.org/W2151452149","https://openalex.org/W2154621477","https://openalex.org/W2177195834","https://openalex.org/W2209874411","https://openalex.org/W2466666260","https://openalex.org/W2509784253","https://openalex.org/W2559264300","https://openalex.org/W2606904667","https://openalex.org/W2613155248","https://openalex.org/W2617199345","https://openalex.org/W2737207197","https://openalex.org/W2740982616","https://openalex.org/W2753548330","https://openalex.org/W2777170053","https://openalex.org/W2780930362","https://openalex.org/W2789288870","https://openalex.org/W2790883954","https://openalex.org/W2791826073","https://openalex.org/W2798401637","https://openalex.org/W2798744505","https://openalex.org/W2889656958","https://openalex.org/W2891269274","https://openalex.org/W2963843230","https://openalex.org/W2964212750","https://openalex.org/W3098038213","https://openalex.org/W6747017484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123454964","https://openalex.org/W2767026009","https://openalex.org/W4386501972","https://openalex.org/W2564136532","https://openalex.org/W2561082235","https://openalex.org/W4307587759","https://openalex.org/W110994207","https://openalex.org/W1987068748","https://openalex.org/W4312954209","https://openalex.org/W2063627244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rain":[0],"streaks":[1,116],"removal":[2,117],"is":[3,38,52,61],"an":[4,87],"important":[5],"issue":[6],"of":[7,114,132],"the":[8,19,46,57,75,81,96,109,130,133],"outdoor":[9],"vision":[10],"system":[11],"and":[12,25,45,78,112,121],"recently":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15,29],"investigated":[16],"extensively.":[17],"In":[18],"past":[20],"decades,":[21],"maximum":[22],"a":[23,100],"posterior":[24],"network-based":[26],"architecture":[27],"have":[28],"attracting":[30],"considerable":[31],"attention":[32],"for":[33],"this":[34],"problem.":[35,118],"However,":[36],"it":[37,60],"challenging":[39],"to":[40,54,64,90,106],"establish":[41],"effective":[42],"regularization":[43],"priors":[44,104],"cost":[47],"function":[48],"with":[49],"complex":[50],"prior":[51],"hard":[53,63],"optimize.":[55],"On":[56],"other":[58],"hand,":[59],"still":[62],"incorporate":[65,91],"data-dependent":[66,92],"information":[67],"into":[68,95],"conventional":[69],"numerical":[70],"iterations.":[71],"To":[72],"partially":[73],"address":[74],"above":[76],"limits":[77],"inspired":[79],"by":[80],"leader-follower":[82],"gaming":[83],"perspective,":[84],"we":[85],"introduce":[86],"unrolling":[88],"strategy":[89],"network":[93],"architectures":[94],"established":[97],"iterations,":[98],"i.e.,":[99],"learning":[101],"bilevel":[102],"layer":[103],"method":[105,128],"jointly":[107],"investigate":[108],"learnable":[110],"feasibility":[111],"optimality":[113],"rain":[115],"Both":[119],"visual":[120],"quantitative":[122],"comparison":[123],"results":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"our":[127],"outperforms":[129],"state":[131],"art.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}