{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2606240127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","title":"Joint Transmit and Receive Beamforming for Hybrid Active\u2013Passive Radar","display_name":"Joint Transmit and Receive Beamforming for Hybrid Active\u2013Passive Radar","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2606240127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","mag":"2606240127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103185505","display_name":"Yongchan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9735-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongchan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365817","display_name":"Hongbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012490058","display_name":"Braham Himed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Braham Himed","raw_affiliation_strings":["AFRL/RYMD, Dayton, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AFRL/RYMD, Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.0587,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98950816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"779","last_page":"783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-radar","display_name":"Passive radar","score":0.7559130191802979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6987636089324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6908715963363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5961138010025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5651735663414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5292016267776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.49781274795532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.47622209787368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45598533749580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4403150975704193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-probability-of-intercept-radar","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","score":0.43682849407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4230748414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.41377922892570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-mammals-and-sonar","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","score":0.41333284974098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39274322986602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.3294726014137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.24780073761940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19321459531784058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1441546082496643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.7559130191802979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6987636089324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6908715963363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5961138010025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5651735663414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5292016267776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.49781274795532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47622209787368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45598533749580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4403150975704193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.43682849407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4230748414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.41377922892570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137184094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764300","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","level":3,"score":0.41333284974098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39274322986602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.3294726014137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.24780073761940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19321459531784058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1441546082496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2017.2692777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2391782891","display_name":"Signal Processing for Passive RF Sensing","funder_award_id":"1609393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87496662","https://openalex.org/W1580273290","https://openalex.org/W1599703818","https://openalex.org/W1903432761","https://openalex.org/W1967337387","https://openalex.org/W1997594983","https://openalex.org/W2012563130","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2037243761","https://openalex.org/W2057871041","https://openalex.org/W2066218102","https://openalex.org/W2072156755","https://openalex.org/W2092943378","https://openalex.org/W2101996248","https://openalex.org/W2156427903","https://openalex.org/W2195058567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2546425916","https://openalex.org/W1599583810","https://openalex.org/W2764022015","https://openalex.org/W2360249151","https://openalex.org/W1969947667","https://openalex.org/W1675290395","https://openalex.org/W2572106746","https://openalex.org/W1604136879","https://openalex.org/W2032341480","https://openalex.org/W4380451819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"consider":[1],"a":[2,13,23,100],"new":[3],"hybrid":[4,18],"radar":[5,21,115],"paradigm":[6],"consisting":[7],"of":[8,34,58,103],"an":[9],"active":[10,28,43,71],"array":[11,29],"and":[12,30,45],"passive":[14,76],"array.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17,63],"system,":[19],"the":[20,38,41,46,49,70,82,87,95,104],"transmits":[22],"probing":[24],"signal":[25,72],"from":[26,40,55],"its":[27],"receives":[31],"two":[32],"types":[33],"echoes:":[35],"One":[36],"is":[37,48,65],"return":[39,51],"cooperative":[42],"transmission":[44,54],"other":[47],"target":[50],"due":[52],"to":[53,66],"noncooperative":[56],"illuminators":[57],"opportunity.":[59],"The":[60],"motivation":[61],"for":[62,111],"approach":[64],"exploit":[67],"not":[68],"only":[69],"but":[73],"also":[74],"any":[75],"signals":[77],"that":[78,94],"are":[79],"present":[80],"in":[81],"surveillance":[83],"area,":[84],"thereby":[85],"maximizing":[86],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[88],"ratio":[89],"(SINR).":[90],"Numerical":[91],"results":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"proposed":[96],"concept":[97],"can":[98],"achieve":[99],"significant":[101],"improvement":[102],"output":[105],"SINR,":[106],"compared":[107],"with":[108],"conventional":[109],"methods":[110],"active-only":[112],"or":[113],"passive-only":[114],"systems.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
