{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2558068409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","title":"Articulation Entropy: An Unsupervised Measure of Articulatory Precision","display_name":"Articulation Entropy: An Unsupervised Measure of Articulatory Precision","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2558068409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","mag":"2558068409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-v7yq-6m11","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109394386","display_name":"Yishan Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yishan Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021646973","display_name":"Visar Berisha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Visar Berisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056934840","display_name":"Julie Liss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-2901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Liss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083962680","display_name":"Sih-Chiao Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sih-Chiao Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089436342","display_name":"Erika S. Levy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-3555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087906592","display_name":"Megan J. McAuliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-2215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan McAuliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Disorders and New Zealand Institute of Language, Brain and Behaviour, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Disorders and New Zealand Institute of Language, Brain and Behaviour, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109394386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81654162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"485","last_page":"489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7208985090255737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6938155889511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligibility","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","score":0.6242129802703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5117802023887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.49566686153411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.49527707695961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formant","display_name":"Formant","score":0.47508397698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47437435388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/place-of-articulation","display_name":"Place of articulation","score":0.42332974076271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manner-of-articulation","display_name":"Manner of articulation","score":0.41698166728019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulation","display_name":"Articulation (sociology)","score":0.4153311550617218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4143245816230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.332996129989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09645193815231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel","display_name":"Vowel","score":0.07341575622558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.07174867391586304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7208985090255737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6938155889511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433889","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6242129802703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5117802023887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.49566686153411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.49527707695961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414685","display_name":"Formant","level":3,"score":0.47508397698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47437435388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36933642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214090","display_name":"Place of articulation","level":4,"score":0.42332974076271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66029223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210847","display_name":"Manner of articulation","level":2,"score":0.41698166728019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779337067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800961","display_name":"Articulation (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4153311550617218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4143245816230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.332996129989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09645193815231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.07341575622558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.07174867391586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778203577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38035","display_name":"Consonant","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2016.2633871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120629676","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","issn_l":"1070-9908","issn":["1070-9908","1558-2361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8-v7yq-6m11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-v7yq-6m11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8-v7yq-6m11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-v7yq-6m11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5342602610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R21DC013812","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W579662085","https://openalex.org/W617733257","https://openalex.org/W1493642666","https://openalex.org/W1505035441","https://openalex.org/W1969285471","https://openalex.org/W1971560786","https://openalex.org/W1973161221","https://openalex.org/W1985520507","https://openalex.org/W1987743150","https://openalex.org/W1989223358","https://openalex.org/W1992260606","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2002725054","https://openalex.org/W2014647401","https://openalex.org/W2022357919","https://openalex.org/W2025890108","https://openalex.org/W2037064517","https://openalex.org/W2043538284","https://openalex.org/W2053272190","https://openalex.org/W2060677448","https://openalex.org/W2079641914","https://openalex.org/W2081318766","https://openalex.org/W2085703180","https://openalex.org/W2101999036","https://openalex.org/W2114174754","https://openalex.org/W2118225053","https://openalex.org/W2129120544","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2140360678","https://openalex.org/W2143342735","https://openalex.org/W2150283454","https://openalex.org/W2158630797","https://openalex.org/W2169541679","https://openalex.org/W2218423201","https://openalex.org/W2336509789","https://openalex.org/W2395090753","https://openalex.org/W2402942190","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W3101241128","https://openalex.org/W6616957616","https://openalex.org/W6619424894","https://openalex.org/W6629476000","https://openalex.org/W6703140735","https://openalex.org/W6711821681","https://openalex.org/W6712664310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030411660","https://openalex.org/W2067456210","https://openalex.org/W2043850603","https://openalex.org/W1977643007","https://openalex.org/W2073328821","https://openalex.org/W125762948","https://openalex.org/W2032136771","https://openalex.org/W4386165929","https://openalex.org/W1994373804","https://openalex.org/W2035932114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Articulatory":[0],"precision":[1,161],"is":[2,43,65,98],"a":[3,15,25,33,52,131,141],"critical":[4],"factor":[5],"that":[6,22,48,76,152],"influences":[7],"speaker":[8,53],"intelligibility.":[9],"In":[10,90],"this":[11,122],"letter,":[12],"we":[13,18],"propose":[14],"new":[16],"measure":[17,123,154],"call":[19],"\u201carticulation":[20],"entropy\u201d":[21],"serves":[23],"as":[24],"proxy":[26],"for":[27],"the":[28,46,49,68,71,80,82,84,95,119],"number":[29,85],"of":[30,51,70,73,86,121,133,143,159],"distinct":[31,63,87],"phonemes":[32,88],"person":[34],"produces":[35],"when":[36],"he":[37],"or":[38,106],"she":[39],"speaks.":[40],"The":[41,149],"method":[42,97],"based":[44],"on":[45,127],"observation":[47],"ability":[50],"to":[54,67,92],"achieve":[55],"an":[56],"articulatory":[57,160],"target,":[58],"and":[59,109,140,162,168],"hence":[60],"clearly":[61],"produce":[62],"phonemes,":[64],"related":[66],"variation":[69],"distribution":[72],"speech":[74],"features":[75],"capture":[77],"articulation-the":[78],"larger":[79,83],"variation,":[81],"produced.":[89],"contrast":[91],"previous":[93],"work,":[94],"proposed":[96],"completely":[99],"unsupervised,":[100],"does":[101],"not":[102],"require":[103],"phonetic":[104],"segmentation":[105],"formant":[107],"estimation,":[108],"can":[110],"be":[111],"estimated":[112],"directly":[113],"from":[114],"continuous":[115],"speech.":[116],"We":[117],"evaluate":[118],"performance":[120],"with":[124,136,146,156,170],"several":[125],"experiments":[126],"two":[128],"data":[129],"sets:":[130],"database":[132,142],"English":[134],"speakers":[135,145],"various":[137],"neurological":[138,171],"disorders":[139],"Mandarin":[144],"Parkinson's":[147],"disease.":[148],"results":[150],"reveal":[151],"our":[153],"correlates":[155],"subjective":[157],"evaluation":[158],"reveals":[163],"differences":[164],"between":[165],"healthy":[166],"individuals":[167,169],"impairment.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
