{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408358947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2025.3550727","title":"Robot Adversarial Attack on Keystroke Dynamics Based User Authentication System","display_name":"Robot Adversarial Attack on Keystroke Dynamics Based User Authentication System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408358947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2025.3550727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2025.3550727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2025.3550727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/64191.html>,","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111003560","display_name":"Rongyu Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rongyu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027783692","display_name":"Burak Kizilkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-7527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burak Kizilkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101778616","display_name":"Zhen Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-3508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748983","display_name":"Liying Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-0669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064266575","display_name":"Philip Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111003560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4958,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90187144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"4850","last_page":"4857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","score":0.9155635237693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7198217511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7019633054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5968338847160339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5747414231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.5124917030334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.43094608187675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4233616590499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4053616225719452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.26012176275253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.15988698601722717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.9155635237693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7198217511177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7019633054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5968338847160339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5747414231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.5124917030334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.43094608187675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4233616590499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4053616225719452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.26012176275253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.15988698601722717}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2025.3550727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2025.3550727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:347508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/64191.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:347508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/64191.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969074557","https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2126871739","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2212099326","https://openalex.org/W2345317019","https://openalex.org/W2413022082","https://openalex.org/W2486088510","https://openalex.org/W2604382266","https://openalex.org/W2615750389","https://openalex.org/W2765227388","https://openalex.org/W2881632231","https://openalex.org/W2922038110","https://openalex.org/W2963350184","https://openalex.org/W2976205474","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3205059016","https://openalex.org/W4295679781","https://openalex.org/W4383108449","https://openalex.org/W4390497390","https://openalex.org/W6600084908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155670618","https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W2159333170","https://openalex.org/W2031617473","https://openalex.org/W4244802227","https://openalex.org/W1573560902","https://openalex.org/W274642192","https://openalex.org/W2095735921","https://openalex.org/W2545016324","https://openalex.org/W2982224826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adversarial":[0],"attacks":[1],"on":[2],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"systems":[5,19,50,166],"are":[6],"an":[7],"important":[8],"area":[9],"of":[10,69,91,162],"study":[11],"in":[12,76,120,141],"cybersecurity.":[13],"Keystroke":[14],"dynamics":[15,79],"(KD)-based":[16],"user":[17],"authentication":[18,165],"utilize":[20],"human":[21,39],"typing":[22],"behavior":[23],"to":[24,31,47,65,128,158],"distinguish":[25],"between":[26],"users.":[27],"As":[28],"robots":[29],"continue":[30],"advance":[32],"and":[33,74,107,132,139],"become":[34],"more":[35],"capable":[36],"at":[37],"mimicking":[38],"behavior,":[40],"they":[41],"may":[42],"increasingly":[43],"pose":[44],"a":[45,60,93,100,108],"threat":[46],"behavioral":[48],"biometric":[49],"by":[51],"performing":[52],"adversarial":[53,62,169],"attacks.":[54,83,170],"In":[55],"this":[56],"study,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"robot":[61,82,125],"attack":[63,122,143],"framework":[64],"evaluate":[66],"the":[67,77,124,145,152,160],"resilience":[68],"eight":[70],"commonly":[71],"used":[72],"classifiers":[73],"detectors":[75],"keystroke":[78,163],"literature":[80],"against":[81,167],"We":[84],"invited":[85],"27":[86],"participants":[87],"across":[88],"three":[89],"types":[90],"passwords:":[92],"complex":[94],"password":[95,102,110],"(CP)":[96],"<monospace":[97,104,112],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[98,105,113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">.tie5Roanl</monospace>,":[99],"text-based":[101],"(TP)":[103],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">kicsikutyatarka</monospace>,":[106],"numeric":[109],"(NP)":[111],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4121937761</monospace>.":[114],"The":[115],"results":[116,146],"show":[117],"that":[118],"1)":[119],"white-box":[121],"scenarios,":[123,144],"achieves":[126],"up":[127],"100%":[129],"Accuracy":[130],"(ACC)":[131],"over":[133],"95%":[134],"Equal":[135],"Error":[136],"Rate":[137],"(EER);":[138],"2)":[140],"grey-box":[142],"also":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"significant":[149],"vulnerabilities,":[150],"highlighting":[151],"need":[153],"for":[154],"robust":[155],"defense":[156],"strategies":[157],"enhance":[159],"security":[161],"dynamics-based":[164],"robotic":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}