{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285273275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3187616","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Biofeedback Engine for Overground Walking Speed Training","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Biofeedback Engine for Overground Walking Speed Training","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285273275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3187616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3187616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3187616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075236069","display_name":"Huanghe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2770-8335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanghe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2770-8335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424064","display_name":"Shuai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077303888","display_name":"Qingya Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3590-3205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingya Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3590-3205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087495619","display_name":"Ashwini K. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7837-9116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwini K. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082918632","display_name":"Yi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7158-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7158-351X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086321664","display_name":"Damiano Zanotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-6889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Zanotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-6889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65321764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"8487","last_page":"8494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofeedback","display_name":"Biofeedback","score":0.7979201078414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.5853231549263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5788478851318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5379474759101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.5036720633506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferred-walking-speed","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","score":0.4742421507835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.4609118103981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.43749937415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.35412198305130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.2850317358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25512778759002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2003079354763031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776377089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864329","display_name":"Biofeedback","level":2,"score":0.7979201078414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5853231549263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5788478851318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5379474759101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5036720633506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70770792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239848","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","level":2,"score":0.4742421507835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.4609118103981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.43749937415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35412198305130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.2850317358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25512778759002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2003079354763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3187616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3187616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1309386256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1838725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2400321321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1944203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7728368586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1838799","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512194809","https://openalex.org/W1985400845","https://openalex.org/W1996910762","https://openalex.org/W2023536559","https://openalex.org/W2058834052","https://openalex.org/W2061279330","https://openalex.org/W2063838004","https://openalex.org/W2068310180","https://openalex.org/W2068364798","https://openalex.org/W2072931156","https://openalex.org/W2088204292","https://openalex.org/W2116469182","https://openalex.org/W2123024400","https://openalex.org/W2123171587","https://openalex.org/W2141919582","https://openalex.org/W2160351178","https://openalex.org/W2171056747","https://openalex.org/W2184534016","https://openalex.org/W2301242251","https://openalex.org/W2313767130","https://openalex.org/W2343401530","https://openalex.org/W2346991801","https://openalex.org/W2484215240","https://openalex.org/W2554434624","https://openalex.org/W2563774299","https://openalex.org/W2604355556","https://openalex.org/W2624964480","https://openalex.org/W2730953469","https://openalex.org/W2890415724","https://openalex.org/W2896460543","https://openalex.org/W2909711564","https://openalex.org/W2933140680","https://openalex.org/W2995509945","https://openalex.org/W2999553178","https://openalex.org/W3005786599","https://openalex.org/W3042474650","https://openalex.org/W3094038491","https://openalex.org/W3134248176","https://openalex.org/W3147437095","https://openalex.org/W3196296284","https://openalex.org/W4205126665","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296749040","https://openalex.org/W4230197055","https://openalex.org/W621808327","https://openalex.org/W2532934974","https://openalex.org/W2965229072","https://openalex.org/W2547001673","https://openalex.org/W3036227703","https://openalex.org/W4384824586","https://openalex.org/W2516761344","https://openalex.org/W2902483545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wearable":[0],"biofeedback":[1,28,57,77,144],"systems":[2],"(WBS)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"proposed":[6],"to":[7,17,96,105],"aid":[8],"physical":[9],"rehabilitation":[10,211],"of":[11,25,50,56,118,184,190,198],"individuals":[12],"with":[13,74,149,160],"motor":[14],"impairments.":[15],"Due":[16],"significant":[18],"inter-":[19],"and":[20,35,91,139,193],"intra-individual":[21],"differences,":[22],"the":[23,54,64,116,161,167,182],"effectiveness":[24],"a":[26,40,48,70,92,107,119,126,136],"given":[27],"strategy":[29,95,113],"may":[30],"vary":[31],"for":[32,80,205],"different":[33],"users":[34,104],"across":[36],"therapeutic":[37],"sessions,":[38],"as":[39,187,194],"patient\u2019s":[41],"functional":[42],"recovery":[43],"progresses.":[44],"To":[45],"date,":[46],"only":[47],"paucity":[49],"research":[51],"has":[52],"investigated":[53],"use":[55],"strategies":[58,145],"that":[59,102,166],"can":[60],"self-adapt":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63],"user\u2019s":[65,120],"response.":[66],"This":[67,111],"letter":[68],"introduces":[69],"novel":[71],"reinforcement":[72,89],"learning":[73,90],"fuzzy":[75,93],"logic":[76],"engine":[78],"(RLFLE)":[79],"personalized":[81],"overground":[82],"walking":[83,109,123,147,155,179,185],"speed":[84,124,156,186],"training.":[85],"The":[86,131],"method":[87,169],"leverages":[88],"inference":[94],"continuously":[97],"modulate":[98],"underfoot":[99],"vibrotactile":[100],"stimuli":[101],"encourage":[103],"achieve":[106],"target":[108],"speed.":[110,180],"stimulation":[112],"also":[114],"enables":[115],"determination":[117],"maximum":[121,177],"steady-state":[122,178],"during":[125,146],"gait":[127,210],"training":[128,159],"session":[129],"overground.":[130],"RLFLE":[132],"was":[133],"implemented":[134],"in":[135,173,207],"custom-engineered":[137],"WBS":[138],"validated":[140],"against":[141],"two":[142],"simpler":[143],"tests":[148],"healthy":[150],"adults.":[151],"Participants":[152],"showed":[153],"lower":[154],"errors":[157],"when":[158],"RLFLE.":[162],"Additionally,":[163],"results":[164,202],"indicate":[165],"new":[168],"is":[170],"more":[171],"effective":[172],"determining":[174],"an":[175,188,195],"individual\u2019s":[176],"Given":[181],"importance":[183],"indicator":[189],"health":[191],"status":[192],"essential":[196],"outcome":[197],"exercise-based":[199],"interventions,":[200],"these":[201],"show":[203],"promise":[204],"implementation":[206],"future":[208],"technology-enhanced":[209],"protocols.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}