{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285119889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3184795","title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Dynamic Production Scheduling in a Robot Assembly Cell","display_name":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Dynamic Production Scheduling in a Robot Assembly Cell","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285119889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3184795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3184795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3184795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031867179","display_name":"Dazzle Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4516-5522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dazzle Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4516-5522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389298","display_name":"Gang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-497X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-497X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043548798","display_name":"Yuqian Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5954-0421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqian Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5954-0421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98705172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"7684","last_page":"7691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12782","display_name":"Assembly Line Balancing Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8219013214111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6839990019798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.6518787741661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6096768975257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.5514581203460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.518886148929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5052762627601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop","display_name":"Job shop","score":0.4732925295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4543043076992035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.43252211809158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41054394841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Flow shop scheduling","score":0.2717190980911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2702586054801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.0952642560005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08974641561508179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8219013214111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6839990019798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.6518787741661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6096768975257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.5514581203460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.518886148929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5052762627601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777243215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493226","display_name":"Job shop","level":5,"score":0.4732925295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4543043076992035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43252211809158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41054394841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158336966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074426","display_name":"Flow shop scheduling","level":4,"score":0.2717190980911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2702586054801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0952642560005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08974641561508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3184795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3184795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561559318","https://openalex.org/W1970176495","https://openalex.org/W2057285547","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2120512286","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2932097000","https://openalex.org/W2997091961","https://openalex.org/W2997873913","https://openalex.org/W3009389630","https://openalex.org/W3034453054","https://openalex.org/W3035869396","https://openalex.org/W3039095521","https://openalex.org/W3049468855","https://openalex.org/W3113368153","https://openalex.org/W3137976611","https://openalex.org/W3162235040","https://openalex.org/W3188743308","https://openalex.org/W3194871405","https://openalex.org/W3215848916","https://openalex.org/W4214806295","https://openalex.org/W4229070947","https://openalex.org/W6736572398","https://openalex.org/W6749032143","https://openalex.org/W6810182604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030389264","https://openalex.org/W2239978108","https://openalex.org/W2007669147","https://openalex.org/W4212999453","https://openalex.org/W2037899945","https://openalex.org/W2144161715","https://openalex.org/W4321004257","https://openalex.org/W4315865048","https://openalex.org/W2116942543","https://openalex.org/W2176833049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,64],"industry":[1],"rapidly":[2],"shifts":[3],"towards":[4],"mass":[5],"personalisation,":[6],"the":[7,101,115,141],"need":[8],"for":[9,74,100,135],"a":[10,57,68,81,87,93,106],"decentralised":[11,119],"multi-agent":[12],"system":[13,73],"capable":[14],"of":[15,143,147],"dynamic":[16,48,102],"flexible":[17],"job":[18],"shop":[19],"scheduling":[20,28,75,120],"(FJSP)":[21],"is":[22],"evident.":[23],"Traditional":[24],"heuristic":[25,133],"and":[26,34,52,91,97],"meta-heuristic":[27],"methods":[29],"cannot":[30],"achieve":[31],"satisfactory":[32],"results":[33],"have":[35],"limited":[36],"application":[37],"to":[38],"static":[39],"environments.":[40],"Recent":[41],"Reinforcement":[42,70],"Learning":[43,71],"(RL)":[44],"approaches":[45],"that":[46],"consider":[47],"FJSP,":[49],"lack":[50],"flexibility":[51],"autonomy":[53],"as":[54],"they":[55],"use":[56],"single-agent":[58],"centralised":[59,107],"model,":[60],"assuming":[61],"global":[62],"observability.":[63],"such,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"Multi-Agent":[69],"(MARL)":[72],"dynamically":[76],"arriving":[77],"assembly":[78,83,116],"jobs":[79],"in":[80,114],"robot":[82],"cell.":[84],"We":[85,138],"applied":[86],"Double":[88],"DQN-based":[89],"algorithm":[90],"proposed":[92],"generalised":[94],"observation,":[95],"action":[96],"reward":[98],"design":[99],"FJSP":[103],"setting.":[104],"Using":[105],"training":[108],"phase,":[109],"each":[110,148],"agent":[111,149],"(i.e.,":[112],"robot)":[113],"cell":[117],"executes":[118],"decisions":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,150],"local":[124],"observations.":[125],"Our":[126],"solution":[127],"demonstrated":[128],"improved":[129],"performance":[130],"against":[131],"rule-based":[132],"methods,":[134],"optimising":[136],"makespan.":[137],"also":[139],"reported":[140],"impact":[142],"different":[144],"observation":[145],"sizes":[146],"optimisation":[151],"performance.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}