{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205791938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3142451","title":"Recognizing User Proficiency in Piloting Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAV)","display_name":"Recognizing User Proficiency in Piloting Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAV)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205791938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3142451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3142451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3142451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766","2377-3774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031149670","display_name":"Siya Kunde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-3862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siya Kunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-3862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020665170","display_name":"Evan M. Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001009663","display_name":"Brittany A. Duncan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-8273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brittany Duncan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-8273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.255,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90601463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"2345","last_page":"2352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.5951557159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4737316370010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4335036277770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30873119831085205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.5951557159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4737316370010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4335036277770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30873119831085205}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3142451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3142451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766","2377-3774"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G152288332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1638099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G450858331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1750750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7857262972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1925368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1480837509","https://openalex.org/W1637570796","https://openalex.org/W1983423820","https://openalex.org/W1985527600","https://openalex.org/W1986142766","https://openalex.org/W2003175157","https://openalex.org/W2025647423","https://openalex.org/W2051064219","https://openalex.org/W2095734842","https://openalex.org/W2131076549","https://openalex.org/W2171598250","https://openalex.org/W2243704813","https://openalex.org/W2293097176","https://openalex.org/W2293537808","https://openalex.org/W2338427307","https://openalex.org/W2484565690","https://openalex.org/W2544987427","https://openalex.org/W2593239829","https://openalex.org/W2803711073","https://openalex.org/W2860208079","https://openalex.org/W2886252623","https://openalex.org/W2910238229","https://openalex.org/W2999159265","https://openalex.org/W3003718768","https://openalex.org/W3206822272","https://openalex.org/W4232907722","https://openalex.org/W4286825607","https://openalex.org/W6628719727","https://openalex.org/W6636885848","https://openalex.org/W6690782545","https://openalex.org/W6751846159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"User":[0],"proficiency":[1,40,211],"in":[2,23,29,41,69,95],"manual":[3],"operation":[4,77],"of":[5,13,72,78,90,134,142,147,189,234,244],"autonomous":[6],"systems":[7,15,149],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"to":[10,37,59,104,119,151,166,180,207,219,231],"the":[11,20,70,123,129,155,193,215,220],"performance":[12,64,117],"these":[14,148,235],"because":[16],"users":[17,158,177],"are":[18,82],"often":[19],"final":[21],"barrier":[22],"detecting":[24],"and":[25,53,80,92,112,121,128,154,196,213],"correcting":[26],"abnormal":[27],"behavior":[28],"autonomy.":[30],"This":[31],"letter":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,56,100,140,173,182],"new":[35,242],"approach":[36,103,240],"identifying":[38],"user":[39,143,197],"piloting":[42,135],"small":[43],"unmanned":[44],"aerial":[45],"vehicles":[46],"(sUAVs)":[47],"by":[48],"first":[49],"extracting":[50],"meaningful":[51],"features":[52,221],"then":[54],"using":[55,241],"clustering":[57],"method":[58],"generate":[60],"ground":[61],"truth.":[62],"Pilot":[63],"has":[65],"been":[66],"broadly":[67],"explored":[68],"field":[71],"aviation,":[73],"but":[74],"not":[75],"for":[76,87,153],"sUAVs,":[79],"both":[81],"inherently":[83],"different":[84,160,186],"due":[85],"expectations":[86],"training,":[88],"location":[89],"user,":[91],"subsequent":[93],"change":[94],"user\u2019s":[96],"point-of-view.":[97],"We":[98,202,223,237],"propose":[99],"novel,":[101],"hybrid":[102],"evaluate":[105],"UAV":[106],"pilot":[107],"performance:":[108],"combining":[109],"human-rater":[110],"data":[111,245],"computational":[113],"methods":[114],"that":[115,145,157],"incorporate":[116],"metrics":[118],"tune":[120],"homogenize":[122],"process":[124],"(of":[125],"applying":[126],"controls)":[127],"product":[130],"(UAV":[131],"flight":[132,187,194],"path)":[133],"sUAVs.":[136],"The":[137],"results":[138],"reveal":[139],"spectrum":[141],"skills":[144],"designers":[146],"need":[150],"account":[152],"ways":[156],"at":[159],"skill":[161],"levels":[162],"can":[163],"be":[164],"expected":[165],"respond,":[167],"informing":[168],"future":[169],"autonomy":[170],"design.":[171],"In":[172],"20":[174],"participant":[175],"study,":[176],"were":[178,200],"asked":[179],"fly":[181],"sUAV":[183],"along":[184],"8":[185],"paths":[188],"varying":[190],"difficulty":[191],"while":[192],"trajectory":[195],"control":[198],"inputs":[199],"recorded.":[201],"utilized":[203],"unsupervised":[204],"learning":[205],"techniques":[206],"group":[208],"pilots":[209],"into":[210],"groups":[212],"analyzed":[214],"clusters":[216],"with":[217],"respect":[218],"built.":[222],"also":[224],"identified":[225],"possible":[226],"factors":[227],"based":[228],"on":[229],"groupings":[230],"target":[232],"training":[233],"users.":[236],"validated":[238],"our":[239],"set":[243],"from":[246],"12":[247],"participants.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}