{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3148074603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","title":"A Phase-Shifting Based Human Gait Phase Estimation for Powered Transfemoral Prostheses","display_name":"A Phase-Shifting Based Human Gait Phase Estimation for Powered Transfemoral Prostheses","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3148074603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","mag":"3148074603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075995990","display_name":"Woolim Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164117","display_name":"Walker (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hgh7849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Woolim Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-823X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070990738","display_name":"Namita Anil Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0448-671X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164117","display_name":"Walker (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hgh7849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Namita Anil Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0448-671X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker \u201866 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024476499","display_name":"Pilwon Hur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilwon Hur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-1721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075995990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164117","https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92858244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"5113","last_page":"5120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.6501460671424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5881216526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle","display_name":"Ankle","score":0.5736203193664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heel","display_name":"Heel","score":0.5388967394828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferred-walking-speed","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","score":0.5298823118209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.49375638365745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4513579308986664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"Gait analysis","score":0.4370652437210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thigh","display_name":"Thigh","score":0.4296188950538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.41437017917633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-cycle","display_name":"Gait cycle","score":0.4131300449371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34375983476638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3215950131416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.28365427255630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.25889718532562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22483021020889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.20511093735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19553616642951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.14582082629203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14473187923431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11916887760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.09276571869850159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.6501460671424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5881216526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.5736203193664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777248721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174647","display_name":"Heel","level":2,"score":0.5388967394828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70770792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239848","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","level":2,"score":0.5298823118209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.49375638365745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4513579308986664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.4370652437210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129757","display_name":"Thigh","level":2,"score":0.4296188950538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41437017917633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985215115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22305006","display_name":"Gait cycle","level":3,"score":0.4131300449371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34375983476638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3215950131416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.28365427255630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.25889718532562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22483021020889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.20511093735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19553616642951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.14582082629203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14473187923431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11916887760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.09276571869850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3068907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632660198","https://openalex.org/W1969511443","https://openalex.org/W1979957032","https://openalex.org/W1997341336","https://openalex.org/W1999059524","https://openalex.org/W2002555447","https://openalex.org/W2011179085","https://openalex.org/W2018765215","https://openalex.org/W2049361901","https://openalex.org/W2078457597","https://openalex.org/W2090771768","https://openalex.org/W2109135013","https://openalex.org/W2117608991","https://openalex.org/W2131469482","https://openalex.org/W2134208106","https://openalex.org/W2139716007","https://openalex.org/W2152254020","https://openalex.org/W2155228109","https://openalex.org/W2340207538","https://openalex.org/W2352725842","https://openalex.org/W2489108858","https://openalex.org/W2537811839","https://openalex.org/W2569210015","https://openalex.org/W2576964732","https://openalex.org/W2735700523","https://openalex.org/W2744082288","https://openalex.org/W2792994057","https://openalex.org/W2897676283","https://openalex.org/W2899699839","https://openalex.org/W2968564904","https://openalex.org/W3026556814","https://openalex.org/W3045470471","https://openalex.org/W3091272173","https://openalex.org/W3124661333","https://openalex.org/W4206206425","https://openalex.org/W4231210434","https://openalex.org/W4249848171","https://openalex.org/W6777849536","https://openalex.org/W6997131396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020639541","https://openalex.org/W4317183107","https://openalex.org/W2403393472","https://openalex.org/W2549172904","https://openalex.org/W4312975234","https://openalex.org/W2390631805","https://openalex.org/W2134815295","https://openalex.org/W1980058094","https://openalex.org/W2518615978","https://openalex.org/W76152581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"variables":[1],"are":[2,81],"continuous":[3],"real-valued":[4],"functions":[5],"which":[6,63],"parameterize":[7],"the":[8,30,37,43,75,84,118,141,144,148,153,167],"gait":[9,149],"cycle.":[10,150,169],"As":[11],"such,":[12],"they":[13],"can":[14],"be":[15,51],"used":[16],"to":[17,28,50,65],"estimate":[18],"a":[19,34,99,124],"powered":[20],"prosthesis":[21,126],"user's":[22],"walking":[23,61,94,111],"state.":[24],"It":[25],"is":[26,106],"common":[27],"represent":[29],"phase":[31,101,121,145,157],"variable":[32,102,122,146],"as":[33],"function":[35],"of":[36,117,143,152],"thigh":[38,44,76],"angle.":[39],"This":[40],"approach":[41],"assumes":[42],"angle":[45,77],"profile":[46],"and":[47,78,91,155],"its":[48,79],"integral":[49,80],"sinusoids.":[52],"However,":[53],"this":[54,70],"assumption":[55],"does":[56],"not":[57],"hold":[58],"at":[59,109],"lower":[60,110],"speeds":[62],"leads":[64],"inaccurate":[66],"heel-strike":[67,136],"detection.":[68,137],"In":[69],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"show":[73,132],"that":[74,105,133,160],"phase-shifted":[82,120],"from":[83,166],"ideal":[85],"sinusoids":[86],"by":[87],"analyzing":[88],"both":[89],"able-bodied":[90],"amputee":[92],"subject":[93],"data.":[95],"We":[96,113],"then":[97],"propose":[98],"novel":[100],"incorporating":[103],"phase-shift":[104],"accurate":[107],"even":[108],"speeds.":[112],"tested":[114],"two":[115],"variants":[116],"proposed":[119],"on":[123],"transfemoral":[125],"in":[127,163],"an":[128],"emulator":[129],"study.":[130],"Results":[131],"phase-shifting":[134,139,161],"improves":[135,140],"Additionally,":[138],"linearity":[142],"over":[147],"Analysis":[151],"knee":[154],"ankle":[156],"portraits":[158],"showed":[159],"results":[162],"less":[164],"deviations":[165],"limit":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}