{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003391921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","title":"3D Electromagnetic Reconfiguration Enabled by Soft Continuum Robots","display_name":"3D Electromagnetic Reconfiguration Enabled by Soft Continuum Robots","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003391921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","mag":"3003391921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088553363","display_name":"Lucia T. Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-4217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucia T. Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-4217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034706353","display_name":"Laura H. Blumenschein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura H. Blumenschein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-5364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010049388","display_name":"Zhe Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-5379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-5379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067958710","display_name":"Allison M. Okamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-1666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison M. Okamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-1666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088329417","display_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074787051","display_name":"Jonathan A. Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-9979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan A. Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-9979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088553363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74899165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"1704","last_page":"1711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6952014565467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.6943967342376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5183318853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.5156859159469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"Soft robotics","score":0.4841528534889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.47821828722953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.46078455448150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials","display_name":"Soft materials","score":0.4484022259712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4340037405490875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.32528987526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26677870750427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24366667866706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.19520556926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17061388492584229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.16171064972877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.1562882661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12052488327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08194741606712341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6952014565467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.6943967342376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5183318853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5156859159469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151","display_name":"Soft robotics","level":3,"score":0.4841528534889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.47821828722953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.46078455448150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982836594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144","display_name":"Soft materials","level":2,"score":0.4484022259712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4340037405490875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32528987526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26677870750427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24366667866706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.19520556926727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17061388492584229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.16171064972877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.1562882661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12052488327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08194741606712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.2969922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169774","display_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","issn_l":"2377-3766","issn":["2377-3766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8593718641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1637446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8700383941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA2386-17-1-4658","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W1982839105","https://openalex.org/W1985260628","https://openalex.org/W2032314010","https://openalex.org/W2053614949","https://openalex.org/W2107082650","https://openalex.org/W2143831422","https://openalex.org/W2145530388","https://openalex.org/W2152038974","https://openalex.org/W2152209052","https://openalex.org/W2158170714","https://openalex.org/W2159188843","https://openalex.org/W2166770143","https://openalex.org/W2176700867","https://openalex.org/W2253702363","https://openalex.org/W2323505484","https://openalex.org/W2546724837","https://openalex.org/W2715273183","https://openalex.org/W2736778426","https://openalex.org/W2737491236","https://openalex.org/W2765823194","https://openalex.org/W2766886168","https://openalex.org/W2783608040","https://openalex.org/W2798583567","https://openalex.org/W2831363072","https://openalex.org/W2896056663","https://openalex.org/W2919013143","https://openalex.org/W3106042088","https://openalex.org/W4248233343","https://openalex.org/W4300911282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2497507516","https://openalex.org/W3134474396","https://openalex.org/W4385439013","https://openalex.org/W4296449477","https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W4367041227","https://openalex.org/W4285221039","https://openalex.org/W3104152360","https://openalex.org/W3164201927","https://openalex.org/W3094251759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"properties":[1],"of":[2,15,67,117,132],"radio":[3],"frequency":[4],"electromagnetic":[5,62,83,95,145],"systems":[6],"can":[7,100,126],"be":[8],"manipulated":[9],"by":[10],"changing":[11],"the":[12,16],"3D":[13,61],"geometry":[14],"system.":[17],"Most":[18],"reconfiguration":[19,146],"schemes":[20],"specify":[21],"different":[22],"conductive":[23],"pathways":[24,57],"using":[25,68,110,147],"electrical":[26,56],"switches":[27],"in":[28],"mechanically":[29,59],"static":[30],"systems,":[31],"or":[32],"they":[33,99],"actuate":[34],"and":[35,58],"reshape":[36],"a":[37,44,115,122,133,141],"continuous":[38],"metallic":[39,77],"structure.":[40],"Here,":[41],"we":[42,119],"demonstrate":[43],"novel":[45],"strategy":[46],"that":[47,125],"utilizes":[48],"soft":[49,69,134,148],"continuum":[50,136],"robots":[51,89],"to":[52,72],"both":[53],"dynamically":[54],"assemble":[55],"reconfigure":[60],"devices.":[63],"Our":[64,138],"concept":[65],"consists":[66],"robotic":[70,149],"actuation":[71,131],"conductively":[73],"connect":[74],"multiple":[75],"subwavelength-scale":[76],"building":[78],"blocks,":[79],"which":[80],"form":[81,101],"into":[82],"structures":[84],"when":[85],"joined":[86],"together.":[87],"Soft":[88],"offer":[90],"an":[91],"exciting":[92],"avenue":[93],"for":[94,144],"device":[96],"construction":[97],"because":[98],"complex,":[102],"high":[103],"curvature":[104],"shapes":[105],"from":[106],"low-loss":[107],"dielectric":[108],"materials":[109],"straightforward":[111],"manufacturing":[112],"methods.":[113],"As":[114],"proof":[116],"concept,":[118],"experimentally":[120],"implement":[121],"helical":[123],"antenna":[124],"switch":[127],"chirality":[128],"through":[129],"tendon":[130],"pneumatic":[135],"robot.":[137],"work":[139],"introduces":[140],"new":[142],"paradigm":[143],"platforms.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}