{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417056936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683","title":"SAR-D-FINE: A Context-Aware Detector for Small and Densely Packed Ship Detection in SAR Imagery","display_name":"SAR-D-FINE: A Context-Aware Detector for Small and Densely Packed Ship Detection in SAR Imagery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417056936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaobing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6072-0763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6072-0763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012914454","display_name":"Bowen Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-4381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-4381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101537108","display_name":"X. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7029-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802974365","display_name":"Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gnagj68","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingchen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102997151","display_name":"Hongdan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3064-3587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongdan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3064-3587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112752663","display_name":"Chuanxu Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802974365","display_name":"Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gnagj68","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanxu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Zhongchuan NERC-SDT Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112563152","display_name":"Pengfei Zhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Zhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45993332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.7930999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.7930999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.1476999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8065000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.652400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise","display_name":"Speckle noise","score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4681999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.8065000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6855999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.652400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.6342999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62282787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831483","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","level":5,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3640683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586801206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24QB2707000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327803","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Rising-Star Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327803","display_name":"Shanghai Rising-Star Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3173462278","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3202192104","https://openalex.org/W4281762445","https://openalex.org/W4303056713","https://openalex.org/W4388936925","https://openalex.org/W4389428619","https://openalex.org/W4391263430","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4403556973","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4413147183"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"provides":[4],"all-weather":[5],"imaging,":[6],"yet":[7],"small-scale,":[8],"densely":[9,167],"clustered":[10],"ships":[11],"remain":[12],"difficult":[13],"to":[14,36,44,53,113],"detect":[15],"because":[16],"coherent":[17],"speckle":[18],"noise":[19],"and":[20,43,57,104,126,141,148],"coastal":[21],"clutter":[22],"often":[23],"mask":[24],"target":[25],"echoes.":[26],"Current":[27],"detectors,":[28],"derived":[29],"mainly":[30],"from":[31,40,49],"optical":[32],"imaging":[33],"methods,":[34,133],"fail":[35],"extract":[37],"weak":[38],"signatures":[39],"minute":[41],"vessels":[42],"separate":[45],"closely":[46],"spaced":[47],"targets":[48],"background":[50],"clutter,":[51],"leading":[52],"frequent":[54],"missed":[55],"detections":[56],"elevated":[58],"false-alarm":[59],"rates.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"presents":[63],"SAR-D-FINE,":[64],"a":[65,79,83,99,105],"context-aware":[66],"detection":[67],"framework":[68],"tailored":[69],"for":[70,164],"SAR":[71,136],"imagery.":[72],"Extending":[73],"the":[74,151,157,160],"D-FINE":[75],"architecture,":[76],"we":[77],"design":[78],"hybrid":[80],"backbone":[81],"with":[82],"StarStage":[84],"module":[85],"that":[86,129],"strengthens":[87],"nonlinear":[88],"feature":[89],"extraction":[90],"under":[91],"heavy":[92],"noise.":[93],"A":[94],"Focusing":[95],"Diffusion":[96],"Encoder,":[97],"integrating":[98],"Multi-Kernel":[100],"Aggregation":[101],"Module":[102],"(MKAM)":[103],"parameter-free":[106],"Shuffle-and-Shift":[107],"Upsampling":[108],"(SSU)":[109],"unit,":[110],"is":[111],"adopted":[112],"aggregate":[114],"multi-scale":[115],"features":[116],"without":[117],"sacrificing":[118],"fine":[119],"spatial":[120],"details.":[121],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123,155],"on":[124],"SSDD":[125],"HRSID":[127],"indicate":[128],"SAR-D-FINE":[130],"surpasses":[131],"existing":[132],"including":[134],"dedicated":[135],"detectors":[137],"such":[138],"as":[139],"YOLO-SARSI":[140],"SW-Net,":[142],"achieving":[143],"AP":[144],"improvements":[145],"of":[146,159],"2.0%":[147],"1.8%":[149],"over":[150],"baseline,":[152],"respectively.":[153],"The":[154],"confirm":[156],"advantages":[158],"proposed":[161],"model,":[162],"particularly":[163],"detecting":[165],"small,":[166],"distributed":[168],"vessels.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T00:32:22.182498","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}