{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414229158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","title":"Assessing Contactless Versus Contact GPR for Vertical Structure Inspection","display_name":"Assessing Contactless Versus Contact GPR for Vertical Structure Inspection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414229158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015308570","display_name":"Giuseppe Esposito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8806-2895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Esposito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8806-2895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084645776","display_name":"Gianluca Gennarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-5327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Gennarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-5327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068109123","display_name":"Giovanni Ludeno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-2721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Ludeno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-2721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028808359","display_name":"Amid Salari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-3317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Salari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 1020 SEO (MC 154), 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-3317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 1020 SEO (MC 154), 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021402401","display_name":"Danilo Erricolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Erricolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 1020 SEO (MC 154), 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-9567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 1020 SEO (MC 154), 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081849411","display_name":"Francesco Soldovieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Soldovieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-3127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062866510","display_name":"Ilaria Catapano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-9992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Catapano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-9992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015308570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79312907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9412000179290771,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9638000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-inspection","display_name":"Visual inspection","score":0.32330000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9638000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168820333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448889","display_name":"Visual inspection","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987759513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3610750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150350204","https://openalex.org/W1977942292","https://openalex.org/W1989907524","https://openalex.org/W2006103870","https://openalex.org/W2057206353","https://openalex.org/W2079852383","https://openalex.org/W2394919951","https://openalex.org/W2999174435","https://openalex.org/W3025023090","https://openalex.org/W3092613763","https://openalex.org/W3094456059","https://openalex.org/W3110996168","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3152867933","https://openalex.org/W3170444879","https://openalex.org/W4225603636","https://openalex.org/W4286630908","https://openalex.org/W4389944089","https://openalex.org/W4394571990"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-destructive":[0],"inspection":[1,30,160],"of":[2,31,78,161],"penetrable":[3],"vertical":[4,33],"structures":[5,34],"demands":[6],"innovative":[7],"investigation":[8],"paradigms":[9],"and":[10,16,59,95,152,168],"ad-hoc":[11],"tools":[12],"to":[13,50,62,71,118,158],"support":[14],"timely":[15],"efficient":[17],"maintenance":[18],"interventions.":[19],"Although":[20],"Ground":[21],"Penetrating":[22],"Radar":[23],"(GPR)":[24],"is":[25,43,48,55,148],"an":[26],"established":[27],"technology,":[28],"the":[29,46,52,60,64,76,131,136,159],"large":[32],"with":[35,82,113,142],"classical":[36],"ground-based":[37],"systems":[38],"remains":[39],"challenging":[40],"when":[41,135],"there":[42],"limited":[44],"accessibility,":[45],"equipment":[47],"difficult":[49],"maneuver,":[51],"operator\u2019s":[53],"safety":[54],"placed":[56],"at":[57],"risk,":[58],"time":[61],"perform":[63,119],"survey":[65],"becomes":[66],"long.":[67],"A":[68,98],"promising":[69],"solution":[70],"address":[72],"these":[73],"limitations":[74],"suggests":[75],"use":[77],"mini":[79],"drones":[80],"equipped":[81],"GPR":[83,103,110,139],"systems.":[84],"However,":[85],"this":[86,127],"possibility":[87],"introduces":[88],"new":[89],"challenges":[90],"in":[91],"both":[92],"system":[93,140],"design":[94],"data":[96,115,146],"processing.":[97],"practical":[99],"approach":[100,128],"for":[101,150],"drone-based":[102],"monitoring":[104],"involves":[105],"adapting":[106],"a":[107,143,162],"traditional":[108],"contact":[109,151],"system,":[111],"combined":[112],"appropriate":[114],"processing":[116,147],"techniques,":[117],"contactless":[120,153],"surveys.":[121,154],"This":[122],"study":[123],"delves":[124],"deeper":[125],"into":[126],"by":[129],"comparing":[130],"imaging":[132],"performance":[133],"achieved":[134],"same":[137],"ground-coupled":[138],"paired":[141],"microwave":[144],"tomography-based":[145],"exploited":[149],"Experimental":[155],"results":[156],"related":[157],"reinforced":[163],"concrete":[164],"wall":[165],"are":[166],"presented":[167],"discussed.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-09-17T00:00:00"}
