{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412536711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959","title":"M <sup>2</sup> CD: A Unified MultiModal Framework for Optical-SAR Change Detection With Mixture of Experts and Self-Distillation","display_name":"M <sup>2</sup> CD: A Unified MultiModal Framework for Optical-SAR Change Detection With Mixture of Experts and Self-Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412536711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102778862","display_name":"Ziyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1997-7941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1997-7941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0083-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0083-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067816529","display_name":"Wenyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-1839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-1839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100621681","display_name":"Yuantao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuantao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89261774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.836899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.836899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.7681000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.679538905620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5312283635139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.5022099018096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4131873846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-imaging","display_name":"Optical imaging","score":0.41050124168395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3053925931453705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.23473834991455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17735612392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.16610398888587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1573878526687622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.679538905620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5312283635139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.5022099018096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4131873846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.41050124168395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3053925931453705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.23473834991455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17735612392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.16610398888587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1573878526687622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3590959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G73621378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSAF U2230201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074319623","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3130754787","https://openalex.org/W3180045188","https://openalex.org/W3183600011","https://openalex.org/W4311849222","https://openalex.org/W4312549298","https://openalex.org/W4317566050","https://openalex.org/W4362653113","https://openalex.org/W4377079808","https://openalex.org/W4386299129","https://openalex.org/W4400877837","https://openalex.org/W4402260637","https://openalex.org/W4403917545","https://openalex.org/W4407481955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2389381914","https://openalex.org/W2376528221","https://openalex.org/W196800607","https://openalex.org/W2359428812","https://openalex.org/W3181296946","https://openalex.org/W2015705630","https://openalex.org/W2355368334","https://openalex.org/W3205829146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"existing":[1,57],"change":[2],"detection":[3],"(CD)":[4],"methods":[5,177],"focus":[6],"on":[7,150],"optical":[8,70],"images":[9],"captured":[10],"at":[11,185],"different":[12,133],"times,":[13],"and":[14,71,121,153],"deep":[15],"learning":[16,139],"(DL)":[17],"has":[18],"achieved":[19],"remarkable":[20],"success":[21],"in":[22,26,178],"this":[23,76],"domain.":[24],"However,":[25],"extreme":[27],"scenarios":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30,56],"disaster":[31],"response,":[32],"synthetic":[33],"aperture":[34],"radar":[35],"(SAR),":[36],"with":[37,165],"its":[38],"active":[39],"imaging":[40],"capability,":[41],"is":[42,183],"more":[43],"suitable":[44],"for":[45,53],"providing":[46],"post-event":[47],"data.":[48],"This":[49],"introduces":[50],"new":[51],"challenges":[52],"CD":[54,83,180],"methods,":[55],"weight-sharing":[58],"Siamese":[59],"networks":[60],"struggle":[61],"to":[62,98,108,126],"effectively":[63],"learn":[64,109],"the":[65,96,105,128,137,159,162,166],"cross-modal":[66],"data":[67,111],"distribution":[68],"between":[69,132],"SAR":[72],"images.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"challenge,":[77],"we":[78,114],"propose":[79,116],"a":[80],"unified":[81],"MultiModal":[82],"framework,":[84,164],"M<sup":[85,146,170],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86,147,171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>CD.":[87],"We":[88,141],"integrate":[89],"Mixture":[90],"of":[91,145,161,169],"Experts":[92],"(MoE)":[93],"modules":[94],"into":[95],"backbone":[97],"explicitly":[99],"handle":[100],"diverse":[101],"modalities,":[102,134],"thereby":[103],"enhancing":[104],"model\u2019s":[106,138],"ability":[107],"multimodal":[110],"distributions.":[112],"Additionally,":[113],"innovatively":[115],"an":[117],"Optical-to-SAR":[118],"path":[119],"(O2SP)":[120],"implement":[122],"self-distillation":[123],"during":[124],"training":[125],"reduce":[127],"feature":[129],"space":[130],"discrepancy":[131],"further":[135],"alleviating":[136],"burden.":[140],"design":[142],"multiple":[143],"variants":[144],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>CD":[148,172],"based":[149],"both":[151],"CNN":[152],"Transformer":[154],"backbones.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"experiments":[157],"validate":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"proposed":[163],"MiT-b1":[167],"version":[168],"outperforming":[173],"all":[174],"state-of-the-art":[175],"(SOTA)":[176],"optical-SAR":[179],"tasks.":[181],"Code":[182],"available":[184],"https://github.com/circleLZY/M2CD.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-28T02:08:47.144824","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}