{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412164028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","title":"Combining Machine Learning and Spatiotemporal Filtering to Map Crop Types of Germany for Seven Years","display_name":"Combining Machine Learning and Spatiotemporal Filtering to Map Crop Types of Germany for Seven Years","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412164028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035304253","display_name":"Ursula Ge\u00dfner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-2554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ursula Gessner","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-2554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068558700","display_name":"Andreas Hirner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5473-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Hirner","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5473-9424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069093076","display_name":"Sarah Asam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7302-6813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Asam","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7302-6813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050099140","display_name":"Martina Wenzl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Wenzl","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059343226","display_name":"Claudia Kuenzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Kuenzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4933-5898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Strasse 20, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4632,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88332849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9368000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9368000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.9002000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6668083071708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5422976016998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4351639449596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.4241371154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12497857213020325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6668083071708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5422976016998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4351639449596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.4241371154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12497857213020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:215530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2025.3587517>.","pdf_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/215530/1/Gessner_etal_2025_GRSL.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3587517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2472044270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"28DE114C18 / 28DE114C22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321602","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/04jw21793"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325698","display_name":"Helmholtz Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2752105008","https://openalex.org/W2900217217","https://openalex.org/W2905254777","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912813928","https://openalex.org/W2935991947","https://openalex.org/W2950314938","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3009624360","https://openalex.org/W3082077183","https://openalex.org/W3162245054","https://openalex.org/W4200503226","https://openalex.org/W4283324343","https://openalex.org/W4312039421","https://openalex.org/W4372348013","https://openalex.org/W4399160496","https://openalex.org/W4402631042","https://openalex.org/W4402901097","https://openalex.org/W4403327678","https://openalex.org/W4404431951","https://openalex.org/W4408733917","https://openalex.org/W6735132182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"of":[1,4,46,65,75,93,159],"the":[2,11,47],"distribution":[3],"crop":[5,39,76,90,105],"types":[6,77],"and":[7,31,34,58,70,112,124,135],"their":[8],"sequence":[9],"over":[10],"years":[12,57],"is":[13,42,53],"essential":[14],"not":[15],"only":[16],"for":[17,22,26,55,95,142],"scientific":[18],"applications":[19],"but":[20,50],"also":[21],"supporting":[23],"informed":[24],"planning":[25],"food":[27],"security,":[28],"climate":[29],"adaptation":[30],"mitigation,":[32],"agroecology":[33],"landscape":[35],"diversity.":[36],"For":[37],"Germany,":[38],"type":[40,91,106],"information":[41],"collected":[43],"as":[44,68],"part":[45],"subsidy":[48],"management,":[49],"data":[51],"access":[52],"restricted":[54],"certain":[56],"Federal":[59],"States.":[60],"Remote":[61],"sensing":[62],"time":[63,139],"series":[64,140],"sensors":[66],"such":[67],"Sentinel-1":[69,111],"Sentinel-2":[71,113],"allow":[72],"national":[73],"mapping":[74,92],"at":[78,144],"field":[79],"scale.":[80],"This":[81],"has":[82],"been":[83],"demonstrated":[84],"in":[85],"previous":[86],"literature":[87],"which":[88],"describe":[89],"Germany":[94,143],"one":[96],"to":[97,131,155,161,171],"three":[98],"years.":[99],"Here,":[100],"we":[101],"demonstrate":[102],"a":[103,133],"two-phase":[104,152],"classification":[107,121],"methodology":[108,128],"based":[109,120],"on":[110],"data.":[114],"The":[115,127,151],"approach":[116,153],"combines":[117],"machine":[118],"learning":[119],"with":[122,163],"spatial":[123,146],"temporal":[125],"analyses.":[126],"was":[129],"used":[130],"create":[132],"novel":[134],"most":[136],"recent":[137],"seven-year":[138],"(2018-2024)":[141],"10m":[145],"resolution":[147],"separating":[148],"18":[149],"classes.":[150],"led":[154],"annual":[156],"overall":[157],"accuracies":[158],"0.81":[160],"0.83":[162],"average":[164],"class-specific":[165],"F1-scores":[166],"ranging":[167],"from":[168],"around":[169],"0.56":[170],"0.99.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-07-10T00:00:00"}