{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406946785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005","title":"SHAP-Assisted Resilience Enhancement Against Adversarial Perturbations in Optical and SAR Image Classification","display_name":"SHAP-Assisted Resilience Enhancement Against Adversarial Perturbations in Optical and SAR Image Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406946785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037092562","display_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","raw_affiliation_strings":["RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-8459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053264051","display_name":"Alessandro Cantelli\u2010Forti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-2632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Cantelli-Forti","raw_affiliation_strings":["RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-2632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032865843","display_name":"Elisa Giusti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Giusti","raw_affiliation_strings":["RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012056150","display_name":"Meysam Soltanpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8128-5863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meysam Soltanpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Key Laboratory of Wireless Communication Technologies and the School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8128-5863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Wireless Communication Technologies and the School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091651000","display_name":"Neda Rojhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neda Rojhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-6270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990101","display_name":"Marco Martorella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Martorella","raw_affiliation_strings":["RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RaSS Laboratory, CNIT, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82122107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7487807273864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.7251991629600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6210355758666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4949187636375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4676465690135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45406079292297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-imaging","display_name":"Optical imaging","score":0.44281861186027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4335533082485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40815213322639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3983801603317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33225876092910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18901866674423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12258893251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09528294205665588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7487807273864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.7251991629600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6210355758666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4949187636375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4676465690135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45406079292297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.44281861186027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4335533082485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40815213322639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3983801603317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33225876092910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18901866674423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12258893251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09528294205665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3536005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/5096c2d0-bfb0-4a26-9e2e-eff0c040ef87","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/5096c2d0-bfb0-4a26-9e2e-eff0c040ef87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Oveis, A H, Cantelli-Forti, A, Giusti, E, Soltanpour, M, Rojhani, N & Martorella, M 2025, 'SHAP-Assisted Resilience Enhancement Against Adversarial Perturbations in Optical and SAR Image Classification', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 22, 8000805. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2025.3536005","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2604505099","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W3003180752","https://openalex.org/W4206060008","https://openalex.org/W4386474128","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6737947904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4210966920","https://openalex.org/W2156233651","https://openalex.org/W2550009779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114],"increasing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3,74,121],"convolutional":[4],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(CNNs)":[7],"for":[8,42,51],"automatic":[9],"target":[10,89,169],"recognition":[11,54,172],"(ATR)":[12],"in":[13],"critical":[14],"applications":[15],"necessitates":[16],"robust":[17],"defenses":[18],"against":[19,124],"adversarial":[20,45,63,125],"attacks,":[21,126],"which":[22,156,175],"can":[23,58],"undermine":[24],"their":[25,52,56],"reliability.":[26],"To":[27],"address":[28],"this":[29,31],"challenge,":[30],"letter":[32],"proposes":[33],"a":[34,98],"novel":[35],"classification":[36],"framework":[37,119],"that":[38],"enhances":[39],"CNN":[40],"robustness":[41,122],"ATR":[43],"under":[44],"perturbations.":[46],"Although":[47],"CNNs":[48],"are":[49,93],"renowned":[50],"high":[53],"accuracy,":[55],"performance":[57],"be":[59],"compromised":[60],"by":[61,129],"subtle":[62],"perturbations":[64],"designed":[65,128],"to":[66,96],"deceive":[67],"the":[68,87,104,108,112,130,148,165],"classifier.":[69],"Our":[70],"methodology":[71],"is":[72],"based":[73],"extracting":[75],"specific":[76],"features":[77,92],"from":[78],"Shapley":[79],"additive":[80],"explanations":[81],"(SHAP)":[82],"analysis":[83],"within":[84],"and":[85,107,164,167,171],"outside":[86],"detected":[88],"area.":[90],"These":[91],"then":[94],"used":[95],"train":[97],"multinomial":[99],"logistic":[100],"regression":[101],"model":[102],"using":[103,143],"training":[105],"labels,":[106],"trained":[109],"regressor":[110],"performs":[111],"classification.":[113],"key":[115],"strength":[116],"of":[117,160],"our":[118,138],"relies":[120],"enhancement":[123],"particularly":[127],"fast":[131],"gradient":[132],"sign":[133],"method":[134],"(FGSM).":[135],"We":[136],"validate":[137],"findings":[139],"through":[140],"extensive":[141],"evaluations":[142],"two":[144],"publicly":[145],"available":[146],"datasets:":[147],"multitype":[149],"aircraft":[150,162],"remote":[151],"sensing":[152],"images":[153,159],"(MTARSI)":[154],"dataset,":[155,174],"contains":[157,176],"optical":[158],"various":[161],"types,":[163],"moving":[166],"stationary":[168],"acquisition":[170],"(MSTAR)":[173],"radar":[177],"images.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}