{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406727881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589","title":"Multilabel Learning With ViT for Building Footprint Extraction From Off-Nadir Aerial Images","display_name":"Multilabel Learning With ViT for Building Footprint Extraction From Off-Nadir Aerial Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406727881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007445923","display_name":"Bipul Neupane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bipul Neupane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Earth Observation and AI Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-9897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Earth Observation and AI Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084255329","display_name":"Jagannath Aryal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagannath Aryal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Earth Observation and AI Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Earth Observation and AI Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075301188","display_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-3173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT (FEIT), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006839785","display_name":"Patrick Aravena Pelizari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0984-4675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Aravena Pelizari","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling-Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0984-4675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling-Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019520142","display_name":"Christian Gei\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Gei\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling, Germany","German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling-Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), We&#x00DF;ling-Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80108778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9146999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.8240823149681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.7264240980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6144323945045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5808329582214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5640356540679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49674683809280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46398356556892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45191389322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22748762369155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.21878737211227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1083245575428009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.8240823149681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.7264240980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6144323945045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5808329582214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5640356540679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49674683809280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46398356556892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45191389322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22748762369155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.21878737211227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1083245575428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3532589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:217978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2025.3532589>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3033309253","display_name":"ARC Industry Transformation Research Hub for Resilient and Intelligent Infrastructure Systems (RIIS) in Urban, Resources and Energy Sectors","funder_award_id":"IH210100048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2000358470","https://openalex.org/W2114315281","https://openalex.org/W2897936062","https://openalex.org/W2929499422","https://openalex.org/W2996327453","https://openalex.org/W3043501028","https://openalex.org/W3128000984","https://openalex.org/W4200501618","https://openalex.org/W4226280350","https://openalex.org/W4285178246","https://openalex.org/W4308867920","https://openalex.org/W4312847199","https://openalex.org/W4322728013","https://openalex.org/W4400520902","https://openalex.org/W6799422400","https://openalex.org/W6870839691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1936443018","https://openalex.org/W3114051225","https://openalex.org/W2495312616","https://openalex.org/W2053295005","https://openalex.org/W2043483232","https://openalex.org/W2081538989","https://openalex.org/W2391767487","https://openalex.org/W2084893008","https://openalex.org/W3092545836","https://openalex.org/W2890917258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,120,154,195],"building":[1,17,62,117],"footprint":[2,91,118,166],"extraction":[3],"(BFE)":[4],"from":[5,32,74,88],"aerial":[6,33,76],"images":[7,34],"is":[8,82,97,111],"important":[9],"for":[10,20,71,151],"the":[11,40,48,89,129,149,165,190],"creation":[12],"and":[13,65,92,105,107,135,167,187,197],"continuous":[14],"monitoring":[15],"of":[16,30,50,60,126],"inventories":[18],"useful":[19],"urban":[21],"planning,":[22],"among":[23],"others.":[24],"Existing":[25],"methods":[26],"frequently":[27],"extract":[28],"roofs":[29],"buildings":[31],"assuming":[35],"that":[36,157],"they":[37],"overlap":[38],"with":[39,99,160],"footprint.":[41],"This":[42,53],"assumption":[43],"does":[44],"not":[45],"hold":[46],"in":[47,162],"case":[49],"off-nadir":[51,75,193],"images.":[52,77,194],"letter":[54],"proposes":[55],"a":[56,67,108,152],"novel":[57],"multilabel":[58],"learning":[59],"oblique":[61],"features\u2014footprint,":[63],"roof,":[64],"shape\u2014with":[66],"Vision":[68],"Transformer":[69],"(ViT)":[70],"accurate":[72,143],"BFE":[73,127,191],"A":[78],"shape":[79,86,137,177,181],"calculation":[80,138],"algorithm":[81,110,139],"developed":[83],"to":[84,114,164],"derive":[85],"polygons":[87],"existing":[90,124],"roof":[93,168],"polygons.":[94,119],"method":[96,122],"compared":[98],"several":[100],"convolutional":[101],"neural":[102],"networks":[103],"(CNNs)":[104],"ViTs,":[106],"postprocessing":[109],"further":[112],"devised":[113],"achieve":[115],"regular":[116],"proposed":[121],"outperforms":[123],"scores":[125,172],"on":[128,192],"BONAI":[130],"dataset":[131],"(0.727":[132],"versus":[133,178,182],"0.643F1),":[134],"our":[136],"provides":[140],"labels":[141],"as":[142,144],"Segment":[145],"Anything":[146],"2":[147],"without":[148],"need":[150],"GPU.":[153],"results":[155],"conclude":[156],"models":[158],"trained":[159],"shapes":[161],"addition":[163],"provide":[169],"consecutively":[170],"higher":[171],"(F1":[173],"score:":[174],"0.747":[175],"w/":[176,184],"0.727":[179],"w/o":[180],"0.682":[183],"only":[185],"footprint)":[186],"substantially":[188],"improve":[189],"codes":[196],"datasets":[198],"are":[199],"available":[200],"at:":[201],"<uri":[202],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[203],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/bipulneupane/Multilabel-BONAI/</uri>.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
