{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402978102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838","title":"3D-CTM: Unsupervised Crop Type Mapping Based on 3-D Convolutional Autoencoder and Satellite Image Time Series","display_name":"3D-CTM: Unsupervised Crop Type Mapping Based on 3-D Convolutional Autoencoder and Satellite Image Time Series","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402978102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103817174","display_name":"K. B. Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119241673","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Ropar","ror":"https://ror.org/02qkhhn56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7652-063X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023292520","display_name":"Rajiv Ranjan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928229","display_name":"Plaksha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01752qx54","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928229"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajiv Ranjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Robotics and Cyber Physical Systems, Plaksha University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3248-7374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Robotics and Cyber Physical Systems, Plaksha University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091888041","display_name":"Sushil Ghildiyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4862-4846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119241673","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Ropar","ror":"https://ror.org/02qkhhn56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushil Ghildiyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4862-4846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029769064","display_name":"Shashank Tamaskar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-2817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928229","display_name":"Plaksha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01752qx54","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928229"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Tamaskar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Robotics and Cyber Physical Systems, Plaksha University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-2817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Robotics and Cyber Physical Systems, Plaksha University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047884267","display_name":"Neeraj Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119241673","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Ropar","ror":"https://ror.org/02qkhhn56","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119241673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2316,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80898044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9577999711036682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9294000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.836654782295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6487197875976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6217416524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.4709121882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4365713596343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4254779517650604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4153783917427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3860263228416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.1437838077545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12120881676673889}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.836654782295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6487197875976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6217416524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4709121882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4365713596343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4254779517650604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4153783917427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3860263228416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.1437838077545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12120881676673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3470838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W2069281202","https://openalex.org/W2085992718","https://openalex.org/W2136243188","https://openalex.org/W2166486067","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2347192404","https://openalex.org/W2592712793","https://openalex.org/W2909728654","https://openalex.org/W2936565617","https://openalex.org/W2963131120","https://openalex.org/W2974499698","https://openalex.org/W2995257800","https://openalex.org/W3033215775","https://openalex.org/W3152821670","https://openalex.org/W4253443086","https://openalex.org/W6628877408","https://openalex.org/W6771891009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2013329914","https://openalex.org/W2392383081","https://openalex.org/W1618102658","https://openalex.org/W4205376403","https://openalex.org/W2331410275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,14,19,46,85,111,136,141,161,166],"timely":[2],"mapping":[3,29,37,176],"of":[4,57,91,123,133,147,158,188],"different":[5,59],"crop":[6,15,178],"types":[7],"holds":[8],"significant":[9],"importance":[10],"for":[11,99,138,163,185],"food":[12],"security":[13],"management":[16,187],"at":[17],"regional":[18],"global":[20],"levels.":[21],"This":[22],"letter":[23],"proposes":[24],"a":[25,47,55,97],"novel":[26],"3-D-crop":[27],"type":[28],"(CTM)":[30],"model":[31,103,128,153,171],"based":[32],"on":[33],"an":[34,131,156],"unsupervised":[35],"crop-type":[36],"technique":[38],"using":[39],"satellite":[40],"image":[41],"time":[42,92],"series":[43,93],"(SITS)":[44],"data":[45],"3-D":[48],"convolutional":[49],"autoencoder":[50],"(CAE).":[51],"The":[52,102],"study":[53],"uses":[54],"combination":[56],"five":[58],"vegetation":[60],"indices:":[61],"Normalized":[62,72,80],"Difference":[63,73,81],"Vegetation":[64,69,76,82],"Index":[65,70,77,83,89],"(NDVI),":[66],"Red-Edge":[67],"Chlorophyll":[68],"(RECl),":[71],"Red":[74],"Edge":[75],"(NDRE),":[78],"Green":[79],"(GNDVI),":[84],"Visible":[86],"Atmospherically":[87],"Resistant":[88],"(VARI)":[90],"data,":[94],"along":[95],"with":[96],"3D-CAE":[98],"feature":[100],"extraction.":[101],"underwent":[104],"evaluation":[105],"employing":[106],"one":[107,112],"publicly":[108,149],"accessible":[109],"dataset":[110,114],"in-house":[113,125],"sourced":[115],"from":[116],"the":[117,121,124,127,145,148,152,177,189],"PlanetScope":[118],"instruments.":[119],"In":[120,144],"case":[122,146],"dataset,":[126,151],"has":[129,154],"achieved":[130,155],"accuracy":[132,157,174],"88.75%,":[134],"73.88%,":[135],"93.97%":[137],"maize,":[139],"paddy,":[140,164],"sugarcane,":[142],"respectively.":[143,168],"available":[150],"83.71%,":[159],"72.81%,":[160],"75.37%":[162],"triticale,":[165],"barley,":[167],"Our":[169],"3D-CTM":[170],"demonstrates":[172],"higher":[173],"in":[175],"types,":[179],"which":[180],"can":[181],"be":[182],"further":[183],"utilized":[184],"effective":[186],"agricultural":[190],"sectors.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}