{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402742355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551","title":"Voxel-Based Denoising of Multitrack Photon Point Cloud for Photon-Counting Altimetry","display_name":"Voxel-Based Denoising of Multitrack Photon Point Cloud for Photon-Counting Altimetry","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402742355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103073262","display_name":"Xiangfeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangfeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-449X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103243666","display_name":"Wuzhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5131-7162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuzhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5131-7162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100639706","display_name":"Fengxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4948-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4948-9243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395219","display_name":"Zhenhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-2019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-2019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113091640","display_name":"Weiming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-0288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-0288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066421366","display_name":"Rong Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-4617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology and Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103073262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80016181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.5901890397071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.5735676288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.5513460636138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5501275658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.5099524259567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.49292707443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47918951511383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4027148485183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3406372666358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33083152770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.239861398935318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23553603887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2087050974369049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.5901890397071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.5735676288604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.5513460636138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5501275658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5099524259567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.49292707443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47918951511383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4027148485183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3406372666358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33083152770996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.239861398935318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23553603887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2087050974369049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3465551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5826352454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CXJJ-22S019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336483","funder_display_name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652571785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23ZR1473200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336926","funder_display_name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7875915052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23ZR1473200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336483","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336926","display_name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998011866","https://openalex.org/W2018203824","https://openalex.org/W2020457848","https://openalex.org/W2031319220","https://openalex.org/W2347201226","https://openalex.org/W2522485613","https://openalex.org/W2566414281","https://openalex.org/W2775423718","https://openalex.org/W2783102179","https://openalex.org/W2792703975","https://openalex.org/W2901674962","https://openalex.org/W2912041037","https://openalex.org/W2925970294","https://openalex.org/W2941542684","https://openalex.org/W2943561325","https://openalex.org/W2944666012","https://openalex.org/W2973049108","https://openalex.org/W3037823952","https://openalex.org/W3134545259","https://openalex.org/W3144259467","https://openalex.org/W4320036517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027020613","https://openalex.org/W2016533837","https://openalex.org/W3167885074","https://openalex.org/W2892386716","https://openalex.org/W4306164210","https://openalex.org/W1998563493","https://openalex.org/W4313316311","https://openalex.org/W4362608745","https://openalex.org/W2383143032","https://openalex.org/W2148204638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multibeam":[0],"spaceborne":[1],"photon-counting":[2],"laser":[3],"altimetry":[4],"obtains":[5],"multiple":[6],"tracks":[7],"simultaneously,":[8],"enabling":[9],"coverage":[10],"of":[11,24,110,163,195],"wide":[12],"areas":[13],"and":[14,45,87,118,146,156,177,192,198],"various":[15],"land-cover":[16],"types.":[17],"To":[18],"cope":[19],"with":[20,81,140,158,165],"the":[21,54,65,90,127,173,183,186],"rapid":[22],"denoising":[23,37],"background":[25],"noise":[26,74,166],"in":[27],"photon":[28,78],"point":[29],"cloud":[30],"(PPC),":[31],"this":[32],"letter":[33],"presents":[34],"a":[35,107,113],"voxel-based":[36],"(VoxelD)":[38],"for":[39],"multitrack":[40,141],"PPC,":[41],"utilizing":[42],"voxel":[43,101,116],"attributes":[44],"topological":[46],"relationships":[47],"to":[48,72,97,171],"automatically":[49],"identify":[50,172],"signal":[51,99,133],"photons":[52,75,121,125],"within":[53,126],"noisy":[55],"PPC.":[56],"The":[57,123,135],"approach":[58],"involves":[59],"two":[60],"main":[61],"steps:":[62],"1)":[63],"partitioning":[64],"initial":[66],"PPC":[67,142],"into":[68],"coarse":[69],"resolution":[70,95],"voxels":[71,96,129],"remove":[73],"based":[76,103],"on":[77,104],"density":[79],"thresholds":[80],"each":[82],"voxel,":[83],"reducing":[84],"computational":[85],"load":[86],"2)":[88],"refining":[89],"extraction":[91],"process":[92],"using":[93],"fine":[94],"filter":[98],"photon-containing":[100],"clusters":[102],"three":[105],"criteria:":[106],"high":[108],"number":[109],"connected":[111],"voxels,":[112],"topologically":[114],"related":[115],"cluster,":[117],"enough":[119],"internal":[120],"abundance.":[122],"retained":[124],"extracted":[128],"are":[130],"considered":[131],"as":[132],"photons.":[134],"proposed":[136],"method":[137,184],"is":[138],"tested":[139],"from":[143],"Ice,":[144],"Cloud,":[145],"Land":[147],"Elevation":[148],"Satellite-2":[149],"(ICESat-2)/Advanced":[150],"Topographic":[151],"Laser":[152],"Altimeter":[153],"System":[154],"(ATLAS)":[155],"compared":[157,187],"modified":[159,168],"density-based":[160],"spatial":[161],"clustering":[162,174],"applications":[164],"(DBSCAN),":[167],"ordering":[169],"points":[170],"structure":[175],"(OPTICS),":[176],"ATL08":[178],"data":[179],"product.":[180],"Results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"outperforms":[185],"methods,":[188],"achieving":[189],"precision,":[190],"recall,":[191],"F":[193],"score":[194],"0.9701,":[196],"0.9530,":[197],"0.9615,":[199],"respectively.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}