{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391806723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308","title":"Interrogating Sea Ice Predictability With Gradients","display_name":"Interrogating Sea Ice Predictability With Gradients","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391806723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093926370","display_name":"Harald L. Joakimsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harald L. Joakimsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033744942","display_name":"Iver Martinsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7003-9213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093736","display_name":"Visual Solutions (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/00fxawc57","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093736"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iver Martinsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Intelligence Center, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway","Visual Intelligence Centre, visualintelligence. no, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Intelligence Center, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Intelligence Centre, visualintelligence. no, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054631368","display_name":"Luigi Tommaso Luppino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi T. Luppino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003458845","display_name":"Andrew McDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9994-2476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319328641","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K","University of Cambridge and the British Antarctic Survery, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge and the British Antarctic Survery, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030713819","display_name":"J. Scott Hosking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-3504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319328641","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Hosking","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K","British Antarctic Survey and The Alan Turing Institute, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Antarctic Survey and The Alan Turing Institute, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319328641","https://openalex.org/I125680101"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013414039","display_name":"Robert Jenssen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-8474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Jenssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms&#x00F8;, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093926370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3766,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53357167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.774725079536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7151099443435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.6876654028892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6368560791015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.6365744471549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5552364587783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-hemisphere","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","score":0.5101476311683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-model","display_name":"Climate model","score":0.5063520669937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.3670088052749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.33233579993247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32813888788223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27547258138656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1951795220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13912510871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09914985299110413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07840025424957275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.774725079536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7151099443435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.6876654028892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6368560791015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6365744471549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5552364587783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.5101476311683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.5063520669937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3670088052749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.33233579993247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32813888788223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27547258138656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1951795220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13912510871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09914985299110413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07840025424957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3366308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:536928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/536928/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400758","display_name":"NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141816643","host_organization_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1097103073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"bas0100037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6185123338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/W004755/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6800035256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"309439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7004607080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/W004755/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401773188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"bas0100037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2895279794","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2989692526","https://openalex.org/W3127723844","https://openalex.org/W3176203033","https://openalex.org/W4237938455","https://openalex.org/W4281700351","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W4387517537","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6739575509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W2726467123","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W2064726690","https://openalex.org/W2133608144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predicting":[0],"sea":[1,24,41,68,168,187],"ice":[2,25,42,69,169,188],"concentration":[3,43],"is":[4,18,96],"an":[5],"important":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,172],"climate":[9,31],"analysis.":[10],"The":[11,57],"recently":[12],"proposed":[13],"deep":[14,152],"learning":[15,153],"system":[16],"IceNet":[17,28,82,139,178],"the":[19,22,45,54,80,109,116,121,135,138,151,157,165,211],"state":[20],"of":[21,99,118,124,137,148,186],"art":[23],"prediction":[26],"model.":[27],"takes":[29],"high-dimensional":[30],"simulations":[32],"and":[33,39,175,192,213],"observational":[34],"data":[35],"as":[36],"input":[37,140,204],"features":[38,119,205],"forecasts":[40],"for":[44,89,210],"next":[46],"six":[47],"months":[48],"over":[49,53,120],"a":[50,84,102,143,180],"spatial":[51,122,217],"grid":[52,123],"northern":[55],"hemisphere.":[56],"model":[58],"has":[59],"proven":[60],"to":[61,72,108,132,155],"be":[62],"particularly":[63,222],"good":[64],"at":[65,215],"predicting":[66],"extreme":[67],"events":[70],"compared":[71],"previous":[73,184],"dynamical":[74],"models,":[75],"but":[76],"lacks":[77],"interpretability.":[78],"In":[79,126,198],"original":[81],"paper,":[83,128],"permute-and-predict":[85],"approach":[86,95],"was":[87],"taken":[88],"assessing":[90],"feature":[91,103,141],"importance.":[92],"However,":[93],"this":[94,127],"not":[97],"capable":[98],"revealing":[100],"whether":[101],"contributes":[104],"positively":[105],"or":[106],"negatively":[107],"final":[110],"prediction,":[111,212],"nor":[112],"can":[113],"it":[114],"reveal":[115],"importance":[117],"predictions.":[125,197],"we":[129,201],"take":[130],"steps":[131],"instead":[133],"interrogate":[134],"effect":[136],"with":[142],"gradient-based":[144],"analysis,":[145,200],"taking":[146],"advantage":[147],"developments":[149],"within":[150],"literature":[154],"open":[156],"so-called":[158],"black":[159],"box.":[160],"Our":[161],"analysis":[162],"focuses":[163],"on":[164,183],"unusually":[166],"large":[167],"extent":[170],"event":[171],"September":[173],"2013":[174],"indicates":[176],"that":[177,206],"places":[179],"strong":[181],"emphasis":[182],"observations":[185],"concentration,":[189],"linear":[190],"trends,":[191],"seasonal":[193],"components":[194],"when":[195],"making":[196],"our":[199],"identify":[202],"which":[203,216],"are":[207,221],"most":[208],"influential":[209],"also":[214],"location":[218],"these":[219],"measurements":[220],"influential.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
