{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391806825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615","title":"Learning a 3-D-CNN and Convolution Transformers for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Learning a 3-D-CNN and Convolution Transformers for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391806825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068373507","display_name":"Yufan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4744-8984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yufan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048466710","display_name":"Xiaodong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3233-0840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030845595","display_name":"Xiaoyan Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-5477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338562","display_name":"Xiaohui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-7890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072710254","display_name":"Hongbin Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5046-1532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040750141","display_name":"Shuying Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-5916"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuying Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068373507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97630236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8017688989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7991452217102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7707156538963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6891773343086243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6412099599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6205618977546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5661197304725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49193501472473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.47986334562301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-code","display_name":"Convolutional code","score":0.44166526198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4204273819923401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.21260231733322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19736602902412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13463237881660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.08814725279808044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8017688989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7991452217102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7707156538963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6891773343086243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6412099599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6205618977546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5661197304725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49193501472473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.47986334562301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.44166526198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4204273819923401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.21260231733322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19736602902412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13463237881660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.08814725279808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3365615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2828845346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A2082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726721899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W1979730959","https://openalex.org/W2097915756","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2767805377","https://openalex.org/W2804902458","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3205965083","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4210794570","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4297094428","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W3034864990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"image":[1,51,83,125],"classification":[2,99,126],"is":[3,76,109],"an":[4],"important":[5],"but":[6,22],"challenging":[7],"task.":[8],"Conventional":[9],"convolutional":[10,136,150],"neural":[11],"networks":[12],"(CNNs)":[13],"are":[14],"able":[15],"to":[16,45,143],"extract":[17],"local":[18,61],"spectral":[19],"spatial":[20],"features":[21],"ignore":[23],"long-range":[24,71],"dependencies":[25],"and":[26,40,85,101,127,152],"global":[27],"features.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this":[31,117],"problem,":[32],"we":[33,141],"propose":[34],"a":[35,120,129],"new":[36,121,130],"model":[37,75,91,114],"combining":[38,156],"3D-CNN":[39],"Convolutional":[41],"Vision":[42],"Transformer,":[43],"aiming":[44],"improve":[46],"the":[47,50,56,66,86,133,139,146,149,153],"performance":[48,147],"of":[49,58,68,98,135,148,155,161],"recognition":[52],"task":[53],"by":[54],"utilizing":[55],"advantages":[57,67],"CNN":[59],"in":[60,70,96,116],"feature":[62],"extraction":[63],"while":[64],"retaining":[65],"Transformer":[69],"dependency":[72],"processing.":[73],"Our":[74],"tested":[77],"on":[78],"three":[79],"publicly":[80],"available":[81,110],"hyperspectral":[82,124],"datasets,":[84],"results":[87],"show":[88],"that":[89],"our":[90,107],"outperforms":[92],"other":[93,159],"state-of-the-art":[94],"models":[95],"terms":[97],"accuracy":[100],"robustness.":[102],"The":[103,113],"source":[104],"code":[105],"for":[106,123,132],"work":[108],"at":[111],"[https://github.com/Dreamvai/ViT-Convolution].":[112],"proposed":[115],"letter":[118],"provides":[119],"idea":[122],"expands":[128],"field":[131],"application":[134],"transformers.":[137],"In":[138],"future,":[140],"intend":[142],"further":[144],"explore":[145],"transformer":[151],"possibility":[154],"it":[157],"with":[158],"types":[160],"data.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}