{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390905576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954","title":"Earthquake Prediction Model Based on Geomagnetic Field Data Using Automated Machine Learning","display_name":"Earthquake Prediction Model Based on Geomagnetic Field Data Using Automated Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390905576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056332684","display_name":"Khairul Adib Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairul Adib Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","Institute of Climate Change, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Climate Change, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045735100","display_name":"Syamsiah Mashohor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-6127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syamsiah Mashohor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053280209","display_name":"Mardina Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-2852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mardina Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Climate Change, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Climate Change, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001829669","display_name":"Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-9450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-9450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049201804","display_name":"Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Climate Change, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-5921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Climate Change, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093688770","display_name":"Kasyful Qaedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2151-4141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasyful Qaedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","Institute of Climate Change, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science Center, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Climate Change, Space Science Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015185866","display_name":"Khamirul Amin Matori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3534-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khamirul Amin Matori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025678199","display_name":"Masashi Hayakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-0425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110915","display_name":"Research Institute for Electromagnetic Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/0172njy07","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110915"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masashi Hayakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics Company Ltd., (Hi-SEM), UEC Alliance Center, Kojimacho, Japan","Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics Co. Ltd. (Hi-SEM), UEC Alliance Center, #521, 1-1-1 Kojimacho, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan","University of Electro-Communications, Advanced & Wireless Communications Research Center (AWCC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics Company Ltd., (Hi-SEM), UEC Alliance Center, Kojimacho, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics Co. Ltd. (Hi-SEM), UEC Alliance Center, #521, 1-1-1 Kojimacho, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electro-Communications, Advanced & Wireless Communications Research Center (AWCC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88009106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.7447495460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.7056180238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.597333550453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5586467981338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5375432968139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5050116181373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48753616213798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.46609583497047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4429207444190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3908579349517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.38817787170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33394959568977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.12856832146644592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11287432909011841}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.7447495460510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7056180238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.597333550453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5586467981338501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5375432968139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5050116181373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48753616213798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.46609583497047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4429207444190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3908579349517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.38817787170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33394959568977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.12856832146644592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11287432909011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3354954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:115444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/115444/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G735688166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9710900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","funder_display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969410119","https://openalex.org/W1977037904","https://openalex.org/W2014674958","https://openalex.org/W2505054656","https://openalex.org/W2810555899","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2913000865","https://openalex.org/W2938879599","https://openalex.org/W2997111965","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3012023297","https://openalex.org/W3015764632","https://openalex.org/W3035647460","https://openalex.org/W3097248359","https://openalex.org/W3125933489","https://openalex.org/W3126826956","https://openalex.org/W3186515567","https://openalex.org/W3216057860","https://openalex.org/W4205428221","https://openalex.org/W4211173503","https://openalex.org/W4281781171","https://openalex.org/W4303833104","https://openalex.org/W6774926797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W4389724018","https://openalex.org/W4318719684","https://openalex.org/W3183136280","https://openalex.org/W4318559728","https://openalex.org/W2775233965","https://openalex.org/W4360995913","https://openalex.org/W2077021924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,144],"observation":[1],"of":[2,54,64,105,128,142],"geomagnetic":[3,74,163],"anomalies":[4,23],"appearing":[5],"prior":[6],"to":[7,12,41,102],"earthquakes":[8],"(EQs)":[9],"is":[10],"theorized":[11],"be":[13,153],"generated":[14],"by":[15,165],"the":[16,36,43,52,100,107,120,126,135],"underground":[17],"seismic":[18],"processes.":[19],"However,":[20],"these":[21],"pre-EQ":[22],"can":[24],"only":[25],"provide":[26],"\u2018postdiction\u2019":[27],"and":[28,113,161],"are":[29],"still":[30],"inadequate":[31],"for":[32,46,109,156],"practical":[33,148],"applications.":[34],"So,":[35],"present":[37],"study":[38],"was":[39],"conducted":[40],"pursue":[42],"long-term":[44],"quest":[45],"real":[47],"EQ":[48,149],"prediction":[49,150],"models":[50,151],"through":[51,91],"adoption":[53],"automated":[55],"machine":[56],"learning":[57],"(AutoML),":[58],"which":[59,106],"automates":[60],"many":[61],"laborious":[62],"routines":[63],"model":[65,103,138],"development.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"study,":[69],"more":[70],"than":[71],"50":[72],"years":[73],"field":[75],"data":[76],"recorded":[77],"at":[78],"131":[79],"magnetometer":[80],"observatories":[81],"globally":[82],"were":[83,87,97,116],"acquired.":[84],"Several":[85],"features":[86,96],"extracted":[88],"from":[89],"them":[90],"wavelet":[92],"scattering":[93],"transform.":[94],"used":[98],"as":[99],"input":[101],"optimization,":[104],"strategy":[108],"automatic":[110],"algorithm":[111],"selection":[112],"hyperparameter":[114],"tuning":[115],"performed":[117],"based":[118],"on":[119],"Asynchronous":[121],"Successive":[122],"Halving":[123],"Algorithm.":[124],"From":[125],"implementation":[127],"five":[129],"classification":[130],"algorithms,":[131],"neural":[132],"network":[133],"yielded":[134],"best":[136],"performing":[137],"with":[139],"an":[140],"accuracy":[141],"83.29%.":[143],"results":[145],"showed":[146],"that":[147],"could":[152],"achievable":[154],"even":[155],"complex":[157],"systems":[158],"like":[159],"lithospheric":[160],"seismo-induced":[162],"processes":[164],"employing":[166],"AutoML.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-14T07:06:38.338062","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}