{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388642324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037","title":"A Study of the Kirchhoff Approximation for the Coherent Reflection Coefficient of a 1-D Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface","display_name":"A Study of the Kirchhoff Approximation for the Coherent Reflection Coefficient of a 1-D Perfectly Conducting Rough Surface","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388642324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065657855","display_name":"Ethan Raines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-0224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Raines","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electro Science Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electro Science Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004567285","display_name":"Joel T. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel T. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electro Science Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electro Science Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065657855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57403389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.7755430340766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection-coefficient","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","score":0.7585173845291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.6450839042663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.5899043679237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5459030270576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.5372851490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5264309644699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5220701098442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.49246177077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.47028636932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.4344193637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36863166093826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.3502405881881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.34722471237182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14341843128204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.11297270655632019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.7755430340766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41700454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1852282","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","level":2,"score":0.7585173845291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6450839042663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5899043679237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5459030270576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.5372851490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5264309644699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5220701098442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.49246177077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.47028636932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.4344193637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36863166093826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3502405881881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.34722471237182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14341843128204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.11297270655632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3332037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W251400035","https://openalex.org/W1661217331","https://openalex.org/W1665184446","https://openalex.org/W1963742414","https://openalex.org/W1975250158","https://openalex.org/W2092771279","https://openalex.org/W2100922236","https://openalex.org/W2153838851","https://openalex.org/W2166265439","https://openalex.org/W2922817228","https://openalex.org/W2972253584","https://openalex.org/W2977321108","https://openalex.org/W3130334188","https://openalex.org/W3206549985","https://openalex.org/W4250094988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389501116","https://openalex.org/W2559833131","https://openalex.org/W2730225583","https://openalex.org/W2175900582","https://openalex.org/W4388910335","https://openalex.org/W2033029047","https://openalex.org/W4353109604","https://openalex.org/W2024573829","https://openalex.org/W1978620683","https://openalex.org/W2330009604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applications":[0],"involving":[1],"the":[2,8,16,26,29,45,58,62,66,73,76,100,109,114,121,165,190,195],"measurement":[3],"of":[4,20,47,68,75,82,108,111,139,173,184,201],"specular":[5],"reflections":[6],"from":[7,135,194],"Earth\u2019s":[9],"surface":[10,48,84,115,202],"have":[11],"recently":[12],"renewed":[13],"interest":[14],"in":[15,25,56],"coherent":[17,59,101],"reflection":[18,30,60,85,102,128,177],"coefficient":[19,31,86,103,178],"a":[21,37,53,106,155,171,187],"rough":[22,83],"surface,":[23],"particularly":[24],"limit":[27],"where":[28],"becomes":[32],"small.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"letter,":[36],"statistical":[38],"model":[39,63],"is":[40,88,95,204],"first":[41],"presented":[42],"that":[43,65],"characterizes":[44],"number":[46,67],"realizations":[49,69],"required":[50],"to":[51,98,120,189],"obtain":[52],"specified":[54],"precision":[55],"estimating":[57],"coefficient;":[61],"shows":[64],"increases":[70],"significantly":[71],"as":[72,105,149],"coherence":[74],"reflected":[77],"signal":[78],"decreases.":[79],"A":[80],"study":[81],"amplitudes":[87],"also":[89],"reported.":[90],"The":[91,159],"Kirchhoff":[92],"Approximation":[93],"(KA)":[94],"frequently":[96],"used":[97],"describe":[99],"amplitude":[104],"function":[107],"angle":[110],"incidence":[112],"and":[113,167,176,180],"root-mean-square":[116],"(rms)":[117],"height":[118],"relative":[119],"electromagnetic":[122],"wavelength.":[123],"KA":[124,166,191],"predicted":[125],"horizontally":[126],"polarized":[127],"coefficients":[129],"are":[130],"compared":[131],"with":[132,154],"those":[133],"obtained":[134],"Monte":[136],"Carlo":[137],"method":[138],"moments":[140],"(MOM)":[141],"simulations":[142],"using":[143],"1-D":[144],"perfectly":[145],"conducting":[146],"surfaces":[147],"described":[148],"stationary":[150],"Gaussian":[151,156],"random":[152],"processes":[153],"correlation":[157],"function.":[158],"comparisons":[160],"show":[161],"reasonable":[162],"agreement":[163,185],"between":[164],"MOM":[168],"results":[169],"for":[170],"variety":[172],"observing":[174],"scenarios":[175],"amplitudes,":[179],"an":[181],"improved":[182],"level":[183],"if":[186],"correction":[188],"prediction":[192],"derived":[193],"small":[196],"slope":[197],"approximation":[198],"(SSA)":[199],"theory":[200],"scattering":[203],"included.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
