{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387682312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534","title":"Lightweight Structure-Aware Transformer Network for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection","display_name":"Lightweight Structure-Aware Transformer Network for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387682312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/29479/3/Preprint.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036558091","display_name":"Tao Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-9298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102781756","display_name":"Yetong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9290-2023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yetong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9290-2023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055644335","display_name":"Hailong Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-1181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailong Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-1181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047997045","display_name":"Zhiyong Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-4794"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-4794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012555970","display_name":"Chongdan Min","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongdan Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032314861","display_name":"Yaochu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-0631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaochu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-0631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010643037","display_name":"Asoke K. Nandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6248-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asoke K. Nandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University London, Middlesex, U.K","School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6248-2875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University London, Middlesex, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91015163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8108100295066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6834213137626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.6080766916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5092488527297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4909413158893585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4545248746871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-growth","display_name":"Quadratic growth","score":0.4501323103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4140767455101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3787456154823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.365706205368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20205450057983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11760100722312927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8108100295066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6834213137626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.6080766916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5092488527297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4909413158893585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4545248746871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195956108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268362","display_name":"Quadratic growth","level":2,"score":0.4501323103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4140767455101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3787456154823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.365706205368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20205450057983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11760100722312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3323534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/29479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/29479","pdf_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/29479/3/Preprint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.uni-bielefeld.de:2983718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2023.3323534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401671","display_name":"PUB \u2013 Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","host_organization_name":"Bielefeld University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/29479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/29479","pdf_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/29479/3/Preprint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2324008334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022GY-436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2709990486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZDLGY08-07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3741425308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5254015081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JM-346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7996973796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G886544369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JC-47","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387682312.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805152403","https://openalex.org/W2891248708","https://openalex.org/W2908624219","https://openalex.org/W2963385418","https://openalex.org/W3015038817","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3130754787","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3176330035","https://openalex.org/W3180045188","https://openalex.org/W3207616990","https://openalex.org/W4226228401","https://openalex.org/W4226361741","https://openalex.org/W4287890462","https://openalex.org/W4312549298","https://openalex.org/W4313438466","https://openalex.org/W4313855806","https://openalex.org/W4387146089","https://openalex.org/W6796538260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086280","https://openalex.org/W2027198738","https://openalex.org/W2397767885","https://openalex.org/W2062514649","https://openalex.org/W2083114070","https://openalex.org/W237421766","https://openalex.org/W3013712002","https://openalex.org/W2004392729","https://openalex.org/W4238270958","https://openalex.org/W2057360542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Popular":[0],"Transformer":[1,40,59,102],"networks":[2,24,60],"have":[3],"been":[4],"successfully":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7,53,62,84,127,161,180],"remote":[8],"sensing":[9],"(RS)":[10],"image":[11,47,107],"change":[12],"detection":[13,199],"(CD)":[14],"identifications":[15],"and":[16,75,82,165,177,201,208],"achieved":[17],"better":[18,204],"results":[19,70,189],"than":[20,211],"most":[21,212],"convolutional":[22],"neural":[23],"(CNNs),":[25],"but":[26],"they":[27],"still":[28],"suffer":[29],"from":[30],"two":[31,113],"main":[32],"problems.":[33],"First,":[34,115],"the":[35,39,44,64,85,93,129,134,140,145,150,192],"computational":[36,141,209],"complexity":[37,124,142],"of":[38,46,66,87,149,184],"grows":[41],"quadratically":[42],"with":[43,122],"increase":[45],"spatial":[48],"resolution,":[49],"which":[50,69,137,169],"is":[51,125,159],"unfavorable":[52],"RS":[54,106,186,218],"images.":[55,187,219],"Second,":[56,153],"these":[57],"popular":[58],"tend":[61],"ignore":[63],"importance":[65],"fine-grained":[67,182],"features,":[68],"in":[71,133,198],"poor":[72],"edge":[73,166],"integrity":[74],"internal":[76],"tightness":[77],"for":[78,105,217],"largely":[79],"changed":[80,89],"objects":[81],"leads":[83],"loss":[86],"small":[88],"objects.":[90],"To":[91],"address":[92],"above":[94],"issues,":[95],"this":[96],"letter":[97],"proposes":[98],"a":[99,116,154,203],"lightweight":[100],"structure-aware":[101,155],"(LSAT)":[103],"network":[104],"CD.":[108],"The":[109],"proposed":[110,151,193],"LSAT":[111,194],"has":[112],"advantages.":[114],"cross-dimension":[117],"interactive":[118],"self-attention":[119,131],"(CISA)":[120],"module":[121,157],"linear":[123],"designed":[126,160],"replace":[128],"vanilla":[130],"(SA)":[132],"visual":[135],"Transformer,":[136],"effectively":[138],"reduces":[139],"while":[143],"improving":[144],"feature":[146],"representation":[147],"ability":[148],"LSAT.":[152],"enhancement":[156,173],"(SAEM)":[158],"enhance":[162],"difference":[163,175],"features":[164,183],"detail":[167,178],"information,":[168],"can":[170],"achieve":[171],"double":[172],"by":[174],"refinement":[176],"aggregation":[179],"obtain":[181],"bi-temporal":[185],"Experimental":[188],"show":[190],"that":[191],"achieves":[195],"significant":[196],"improvement":[197],"accuracy":[200,207],"offers":[202],"tradeoff":[205],"between":[206],"costs":[210],"state-of-the-art":[213],"(SOTA)":[214],"CD":[215],"methods":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}