{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387010285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025","title":"Improved YOLOv5s for Small Ship Detection With Optical Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"Improved YOLOv5s for Small Ship Detection With Optical Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387010285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068610174","display_name":"Zhiheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-3557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084361680","display_name":"W. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3516-0913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648591","display_name":"Hang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049798236","display_name":"Suiping Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0914-066X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suiping Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115076809","display_name":"Wenjuan Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4268-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016667520","display_name":"Yuru Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5252-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuru Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049255145","display_name":"Chenyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-5574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068610174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91902052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9395999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7921388149261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.7342579960823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.6651994585990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6050228476524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5640618801116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5111849904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45815786719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4520650804042816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4404008686542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4307440221309662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.391944020986557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3392602503299713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33134031295776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0867883563041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08459740877151489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7921388149261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.7342579960823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.6651994585990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6050228476524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5640618801116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5111849904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45815786719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4520650804042816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4404008686542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4307440221309662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.391944020986557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3392602503299713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33134031295776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0867883563041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08459740877151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3319025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4272244836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-JC-QN-0299","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G562804104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS221307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017226600","https://openalex.org/W2073459066","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2140941672","https://openalex.org/W2167731172","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2899594603","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3107474049","https://openalex.org/W3120340180","https://openalex.org/W3122173535","https://openalex.org/W3134343497","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W4285136243","https://openalex.org/W4285820546","https://openalex.org/W4309325582","https://openalex.org/W4319157933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205445068","https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"detection":[1,16,47,62,85],"is":[2,20,64,100,117,131,153],"of":[3,17,55,87,109,126,146,183],"great":[4],"importance":[5],"in":[6,24,71,79,119],"territorial":[7],"security":[8],"and":[9,74,93,106,129,178,189],"marine":[10],"environmental":[11],"protection.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,56,72,80,84,104,120,124,134,143,147,166,181],"accurate":[15],"small":[18,30,45,88,127,161],"ships":[19,31],"a":[21,44,61,67,91,113],"challenging":[22],"task":[23],"complex":[25],"environments":[26],"mainly":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29,82,102,122,141,155],"having":[32],"few":[33],"features":[34,54],"on":[35,50,176],"remote":[36],"sensing":[37],"images.":[38,174],"In":[39],"this":[40],"letter,":[41],"we":[42],"propose":[43],"ship":[46,162,168],"model":[48,58],"based":[49],"YOLOv5s.":[51],"The":[52,187],"major":[53],"proposed":[57,101,148,185],"include:":[59],"(1)":[60],"layer":[63],"added":[65],"with":[66],"shallow":[68],"feature":[69,110],"map":[70],"Head":[73],"skip":[75],"connections":[76],"are":[77],"employed":[78,118],"Neck":[81],"improve":[83],"accuracy":[86,145],"ships;":[89],"(2)":[90],"novel":[92],"effective":[94],"Hybrid":[95],"Spatial":[96],"Pyramid":[97],"Pooling":[98],"(HSPP)":[99],"fuse":[103],"local":[105],"global":[107],"information":[108],"maps;":[111],"(3)":[112],"Coordinate":[114],"Attention":[115],"mechanism":[116],"Backbone":[121],"augment":[123],"representations":[125],"ships,":[128],"EIOU":[130],"used":[132,154],"as":[133],"loss":[135],"function":[136],"for":[137,160],"bounding":[138],"box":[139],"regression":[140],"enhance":[142],"localization":[144],"model;":[149],"(4)":[150],"K-means++":[151],"algorithm":[152],"obtain":[156],"more":[157],"reasonable":[158],"anchors":[159],"detection.":[163],"We":[164],"introduce":[165],"multi-scale":[167],"dataset":[169],"OSSD,":[170],"which":[171],"contains":[172],"10133":[173],"Experiments":[175],"LEVIR-Ship":[177],"OSSD":[179,190],"validate":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"our":[184],"model.":[186],"code":[188],"will":[191],"be":[192],"available":[193],"at":[194],"https://github.com/wenjieo/Improved-YOLOv5s-for-small-ship-detection.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}