{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376607843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326","title":"Lightweight Infrared Small Target Detection Network Using Full-Scale Skip Connection U-Net","display_name":"Lightweight Infrared Small Target Detection Network Using Full-Scale Skip Connection U-Net","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376607843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073101698","display_name":"Won Young Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won Young Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering and the Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-2829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and the Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047990019","display_name":"In Ho Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In Ho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering and the Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-4879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and the Automation and Systems Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054791152","display_name":"Chan Gook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-951X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Gook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Navigation and Electronic System Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Navigation and Electronic System Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, and Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-951X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Navigation and Electronic System Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation and Electronic System Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, and Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.5421,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99821676,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644503712654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.7607907056808472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6600574851036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6221002340316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.594274640083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.580292820930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5795131325721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5139910578727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4774225950241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4522911608219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42652708292007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.41462594270706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41127318143844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.22350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10576921701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07804089784622192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644503712654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.7607907056808472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6600574851036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6221002340316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.594274640083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.580292820930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5795131325721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5139910578727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4774225950241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4522911608219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42652708292007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.41462594270706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41127318143844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.22350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10576921701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07804089784622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3276326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G186211556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UD230014SD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","funder_display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04bjg9m96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2774646044","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2996290406","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3015788359","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W6753412334","https://openalex.org/W6776492765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354322770","https://openalex.org/W3000097931","https://openalex.org/W1570848052","https://openalex.org/W2373192430","https://openalex.org/W4239268388","https://openalex.org/W1924837940","https://openalex.org/W2379407973","https://openalex.org/W4243305035","https://openalex.org/W2079488604","https://openalex.org/W2125195795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,154],"order":[1],"to":[2,18,34,85,119,139,144,163],"improve":[3],"detection":[4,12,187],"performance":[5,188],"in":[6,69],"a":[7,31,72,82,95,133,190],"U-net-based":[8],"IR":[9],"small":[10,96],"target":[11,186],"(IRSTD)":[13],"algorithm,":[14,174],"it":[15],"is":[16,79,117,137,157,199],"crucial":[17],"fuse":[19,146],"low-level":[20],"and":[21,41,106,189],"high-level":[22],"features.":[23],"Conventional":[24],"algorithms":[25],"perform":[26],"feature":[27,93,127,141,178],"fusion":[28,142],"by":[29,42,90],"adding":[30],"convolution":[32,52],"layer":[33,121],"the":[35,39,44,50,54,59,63,87,92,123,131,140,147,166],"skip":[36,45,76],"pathway":[37],"of":[38,56,58,98,122],"U-net":[40,78,180],"connecting":[43],"connection":[46,77],"densely.":[47],"However,":[48],"with":[49,94],"added":[51],"operation,":[53],"number":[55,97],"parameters":[57],"network":[60,84],"increases,":[61],"hence":[62,183],"inference":[64],"time":[65],"increases":[66],"accordingly.":[67],"Therefore,":[68],"this":[70],"letter,":[71],"UNet3+":[73],"based":[74],"full-scale":[75,160],"used":[80],"as":[81],"base":[83],"lower":[86],"computational":[88],"cost":[89],"fusing":[91],"parameters.":[99],"Moreover,":[100],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"an":[103],"effective":[104,126,185],"encoder":[105,124],"decoder":[107],"structure":[108,192],"for":[109,125,130],"improved":[110],"IRSTD":[111],"performance.":[112],"A":[113],"residual":[114,134],"attention":[115,135],"block":[116,136],"applied":[118,138],"each":[120,152,170],"extraction.":[128],"As":[129],"decoder,":[132],"section":[143],"effectively":[145],"hierarchical":[148],"information":[149,167],"obtained":[150,168],"from":[151,169],"layer.":[153,171],"addition,":[155],"learning":[156],"performed":[158],"through":[159],"deep":[161],"supervision":[162],"reflect":[164],"all":[165],"The":[172],"proposed":[173],"coined":[175],"Attention":[176],"Multiscale":[177],"Fusion":[179],"(AMFU-net),":[181],"can":[182],"guarantee":[184],"lightweight":[191],"(mIoU:":[193],"0.7512,":[194],"FPS:":[195],"86.1).":[196],"Pytorch":[197],"implementation":[198],"available":[200],"at:":[201],"github.com/cwon789/AMFU-net.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}