{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320015735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428","title":"Optimization for Anchor-Free Object Detection via Scale-Independent GIoU Loss","display_name":"Optimization for Anchor-Free Object Detection via Scale-Independent GIoU Loss","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320015735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054523638","display_name":"Min Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-9307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-9307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074656012","display_name":"Yiming Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-3441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-3441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103859444","display_name":"Chun Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6797-0829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020702440","display_name":"Jiaolong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-5926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaolong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102977936","display_name":"Haitao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7840-3753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82919903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.7664065361022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7172929644584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6563729047775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6410509347915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6285982131958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5737185478210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5605538487434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5486522316932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.531349241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4441124498844147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4237311780452728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39241552352905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38664311170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.36651667952537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25468307733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12661653757095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06420096755027771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.7664065361022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7172929644584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6563729047775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6410509347915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6285982131958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5737185478210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5605538487434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5486522316932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.531349241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4441124498844147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4237311780452728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39241552352905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38664311170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36651667952537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25468307733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12661653757095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06420096755027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2023.3240428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5334018457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G668095177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JUSRP121022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2901020261","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2990763144","https://openalex.org/W3013052605","https://openalex.org/W3121842289","https://openalex.org/W3141404903","https://openalex.org/W3176495987","https://openalex.org/W3196822225","https://openalex.org/W3201260569","https://openalex.org/W3201366805","https://openalex.org/W3208245709","https://openalex.org/W3213759681","https://openalex.org/W3217583551","https://openalex.org/W4220736631","https://openalex.org/W6760424586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arbitrary-oriented":[0],"target":[1],"detection":[2,122],"is":[3,64,96,146],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,123],"optical":[7],"remote-sensing":[8],"image":[9,25],"processing,":[10],"and":[11,30,44,79,116,154],"there":[12],"have":[13],"been":[14],"lots":[15],"of":[16,27,76,88,141],"anchor-based":[17],"detectors":[18],"using":[19],"horizontal":[20],"bounding":[21,50,67,109],"boxes.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,41,74,82,85,89,100],"targets":[26],"various":[28],"scales":[29],"shapes":[31],"make":[32],"it":[33],"difficult":[34],"to":[35,52,98],"tune":[36],"optimal":[37],"anchor":[38],"parameters,":[39],"whereas":[40],"complex":[42],"background":[43],"nonmaximum":[45],"suppression":[46],"(NMS)":[47],"require":[48],"well-aligned":[49],"box":[51,68,110],"predict":[53],"dense":[54],"targets.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"letter,":[58],"a":[59,117],"scale-independent":[60],"IoU":[61,139,151,158],"(SIoU)":[62],"loss":[63,106,153],"proposed":[65],"for":[66,107,120],"regression,":[69],"which":[70,145],"can":[71],"adaptively":[72],"adjust":[73],"shape":[75],"predicted":[77],"boxes":[78],"speed":[80],"up":[81],"convergence.":[83],"Besides,":[84],"regression":[86],"branch":[87],"fully":[90],"convolutional":[91],"one-stage":[92],"object":[93,121],"detector":[94],"(FCOS)":[95],"refined":[97],"implement":[99],"novel":[101],"intersection":[102],"over":[103],"union":[104],"(IoU)":[105],"rotated":[108],"regression.":[111],"Extensive":[112],"experiments":[113],"on":[114,143],"HRSC2016":[115],"large-scale":[118],"dataset":[119],"aerial":[124],"images":[125],"(DOTA)":[126],"show":[127],"that":[128],"our":[129],"method":[130],"obtains":[131],"88.1%":[132],"mean":[133],"average":[134],"precision":[135],"(mAP)":[136],"under":[137],"an":[138],"threshold":[140],"0.5":[142],"HRSC2016,":[144],"1.1%":[147],"higher":[148],"than":[149,156],"generalized":[150],"(GIoU)":[152],"0.7%":[155],"complete":[157],"(CIoU)":[159],"loss.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}