{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312926926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086","title":"Oceanic Internal Wave Signature Extraction in the Sulu Sea by a Pixel Attention U-Net: PAU-Net","display_name":"Oceanic Internal Wave Signature Extraction in the Sulu Sea by a Pixel Attention U-Net: PAU-Net","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312926926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041076565","display_name":"Yuteng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-9031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuteng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-9031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101508918","display_name":"Junmin Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junmin Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044098681","display_name":"Lina Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2720-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767704","display_name":"Peng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-985X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-985X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5349,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89430138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6592510938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5980031490325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.559649646282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5550692677497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5157821178436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5155646800994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5040682554244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.498828649520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4748668372631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.45803263783454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.42844030261039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4271159768104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4246354103088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35078638792037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13309675455093384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6592510938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5980031490325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.559649646282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5550692677497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5157821178436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5155646800994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5040682554244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.498828649520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4748668372631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.45803263783454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.42844030261039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4271159768104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4246354103088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35078638792037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13309675455093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3230086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2418378280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62161044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5610141600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42006164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W312001272","https://openalex.org/W1841294997","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1995869246","https://openalex.org/W2045965468","https://openalex.org/W2064161461","https://openalex.org/W2071441361","https://openalex.org/W2106455121","https://openalex.org/W2738061828","https://openalex.org/W2757074918","https://openalex.org/W2948823473","https://openalex.org/W2959779166","https://openalex.org/W2975237575","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3016774081","https://openalex.org/W3047267770","https://openalex.org/W3088674932","https://openalex.org/W3130503359","https://openalex.org/W3212332191","https://openalex.org/W4214829182","https://openalex.org/W4214950680","https://openalex.org/W4226109015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912321008","https://openalex.org/W1998607122","https://openalex.org/W1671124163","https://openalex.org/W2168674042","https://openalex.org/W2324368075","https://openalex.org/W2972124131","https://openalex.org/W338149487","https://openalex.org/W2972032537","https://openalex.org/W150363521","https://openalex.org/W3154107650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oceanic":[0],"internal":[1],"waves":[2],"(IWs)":[3],"are":[4,134],"an":[5,81],"important":[6],"oceanic":[7,38,47,64,108,159],"phenomenon,":[8],"and":[9,15,69],"the":[10,13,34,87,97,104,117,126,130,141,151,156],"realization":[11],"of":[12,18,21,26,37,91,129,158],"fast":[14],"efficient":[16],"extraction":[17,36,162],"IWs":[19,118],"is":[20],"fundamental":[22],"significance.":[23],"The":[24,58,147],"development":[25],"deep":[27],"learning":[28],"techniques":[29],"provides":[30],"new":[31],"opportunities":[32],"for":[33,52],"signature":[35,49,161],"IWs.":[39,109,146],"In":[40],"this":[41],"letter,":[42],"we":[43,79,111,121],"propose":[44],"a":[45,61,70,113],"two-stage":[46],"IW":[48,65,82,160],"segmentation":[50,76],"algorithm":[51,59,84,153],"synthetic":[53],"aperture":[54],"radar":[55],"(SAR)":[56],"images.":[57,165],"includes":[60],"decision":[62,89,100],"fusion-based":[63],"images":[66],"classification":[67,83],"stage":[68],"pixel":[71],"attention":[72],"U-Net":[73],"(PAU-Net)-based":[74],"stripe":[75],"stage.":[77],"First,":[78],"adopt":[80],"by":[85],"fusing":[86],"weak":[88],"results":[90,128,148],"two":[92],"different":[93],"classifiers":[94],"to":[95,102,115,124],"get":[96],"final":[98],"strong":[99],"result":[101],"screen":[103],"image":[105,138],"blocks":[106],"containing":[107],"Then":[110],"develop":[112],"PAU-Net":[114],"segment":[116],"stripe.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"concatenate":[122],"them":[123],"obtain":[125],"extract":[127],"whole":[131],"image.":[132],"Experiments":[133],"performed":[135],"using":[136],"527":[137],"scenes":[139],"from":[140,163],"Sulu":[142],"Sea":[143],"that":[144,150],"contain":[145],"show":[149],"proposed":[152],"can":[154],"achieve":[155],"performance":[157],"SAR":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
