{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295308431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312","title":"A GPU-Based Solution for Ray Tracing 3-D Radiative Transfer Model for Optical and Thermal Images","display_name":"A GPU-Based Solution for Ray Tracing 3-D Radiative Transfer Model for Optical and Thermal Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295308431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03813783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001887844","display_name":"Zunjian Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-9901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zunjian Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069389278","display_name":"Jianbo Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6601-7882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078740130","display_name":"Jean\u2010Philippe Gastellu\u2010Etchegorry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-8837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100083","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re","ror":"https://ror.org/01225hq90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210100083","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4412460029"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. -P. Gastellu-Etchegorry","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESBIO–Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère, CESBIO UMR 5126, Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESBIO–Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère, CESBIO UMR 5126, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014177721","display_name":"Jean\u2010Louis Roujean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-8394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100083","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re","ror":"https://ror.org/01225hq90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210100083","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4412460029"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. -L. Roujean","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESBIO–Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère, CESBIO UMR 5126, Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESBIO–Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère, CESBIO UMR 5126, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070484101","display_name":"Biao Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-8398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344238","display_name":"Hua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927589","display_name":"Yongming Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112461780","display_name":"Qing Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5355-4400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018009227","display_name":"Qinhuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3713-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinhuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001887844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77534082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6931170225143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.6716735363006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.6488543152809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","score":0.594912588596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.5862123966217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.5355522632598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.47917452454566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-processing-unit","display_name":"Central processing unit","score":0.4451245963573456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.41206613183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.41108524799346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32861045002937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.27833667397499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.20159393548965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16251924633979797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.0745326578617096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6931170225143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6716735363006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.6488543152809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.594912588596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5862123966217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.5355522632598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.47917452454566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4451245963573456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.41206613183021545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.41108524799346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32861045002937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.27833667397499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.20159393548965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16251924633979797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0745326578617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3206312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03813783v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03813783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1545-598X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04644055v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04644055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1545-598X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03813783v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03813783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1545-598X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G149909320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41901287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G199013616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42130111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6396510774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41930111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529679179","https://openalex.org/W2039393019","https://openalex.org/W2051128904","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2073100112","https://openalex.org/W2095621851","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2150038996","https://openalex.org/W2297871613","https://openalex.org/W2337260502","https://openalex.org/W2341121466","https://openalex.org/W2734826830","https://openalex.org/W2905511257","https://openalex.org/W2943287822","https://openalex.org/W2967884752","https://openalex.org/W2983376237","https://openalex.org/W3023389216","https://openalex.org/W4220676042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199027017","https://openalex.org/W3212345901","https://openalex.org/W3183601264","https://openalex.org/W2598944200","https://openalex.org/W2559348759","https://openalex.org/W1936382095","https://openalex.org/W2057093945","https://openalex.org/W2770899487","https://openalex.org/W4317790246","https://openalex.org/W2992303576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"(3D)":[1],"radiative":[2],"transfer":[3],"(RT)":[4],"models":[5,29],"are":[6],"frequently":[7],"recognized":[8],"as":[9,203],"a":[10,46,88,108,120,204,212],"prerequisite":[11],"when":[12,118,198],"using":[13],"high":[14],"spatial":[15],"resolution":[16],"remote":[17],"sensing":[18],"data":[19],"in":[20],"heterogeneous":[21],"surfaces.":[22],"However,":[23],"most":[24],"studies":[25],"of":[26,97,107,127,168],"3D":[27,56],"RT":[28,57,73],"have":[30],"been":[31],"restricted":[32],"to":[33,37,70,220],"limited":[34],"applications":[35],"due":[36],"the":[38,53,72,82,94,98,104,128,147,166,169,176,200,207,221],"low":[39],"computational":[40],"efficiency.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"this":[43],"study":[44],"proposed":[45,99,170],"graphic":[47],"processing":[48,90],"unit":[49,91],"(GPU)-based":[50],"solution":[51,100,171],"for":[52,81,146,174],"ray":[54],"tracing":[55],"model.":[58,223],"A":[59,75],"state-of-the-art":[60],"graphics":[61],"and":[62,143,151,178,183,194,210],"compute":[63],"application":[64],"programming":[65],"interface,":[66],"Vulkan,":[67],"was":[68,79,172],"introduced":[69],"implement":[71],"process.":[74],"bounding":[76],"box":[77],"method":[78],"adopted":[80],"computation":[83],"acceleration.":[84],"By":[85],"comparison":[86],"with":[87,133,188],"central":[89],"(CPU)-based":[92],"solution,":[93],"performance":[95],"efficiency":[96],"is":[101,111,131],"significantly":[102,112],"better:":[103],"simulation":[105,122,125,208],"time":[106],"GPU":[109],"model":[110,214],"reduced":[113],"by":[114],"more":[115],"than":[116,140,191],"99%":[117],"facing":[119],"large-scale":[121],"mission.":[123],"The":[124],"accuracy":[126,167,209],"two":[129],"solutions":[130],"similar,":[132],"root":[134],"mean":[135],"squared":[136],"errors":[137],"(RMSEs)":[138],"lower":[139,190],"0.005,":[141],"0.032":[142],"0.31":[144],"K":[145],"red,":[148],"near-infrared":[149],"(NIR)":[150],"brightness":[152,184],"temperature":[153,185],"images,":[154],"respectively.":[155],"An":[156],"evaluation":[157],"based":[158],"on":[159],"airborne":[160],"multiangle":[161],"measurements":[162],"also":[163],"indicated":[164],"that":[165],"satisfactory":[173],"simulating":[175],"red":[177],"NIR":[179],"bidirectional":[180],"reflectance":[181],"factor":[182],"directional":[186],"anisotropies,":[187],"RMSEs":[189],"0.003,":[192],"0.020":[193],"0.20":[195],"K,":[196],"respectively,":[197],"treating":[199],"whole":[201],"scene":[202],"pixel.":[205],"Considering":[206],"efficiency,":[211],"GPU-based":[213],"will":[215],"be":[216],"an":[217],"important":[218],"supplement":[219],"CPU":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-09-12T00:00:00"}